Table 2.
Clinical characteristics of the sample a) Psychiatric symptoms, N = 303.
| Psychiatric diagnoses | n | % | mean | SD |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Only SUD | 142 | 46.9 | ||
| Depression | 61 | 20.2 | ||
| Anxiety | 22 | 7.3 | ||
| Depression-anxiety | 21 | 6.9 | ||
| Bipolar Disorder | 11 | 3.6 | ||
| Personality Disord. | 8 | 2.6 | ||
| Psychotic disorders | 4 | 1.4 | ||
| OCD | 3 | 0.9 | ||
| ADHD | 3 | 0.9 | ||
| Eating disorders | 1 | 0.3 | ||
| Multiple diagnoses | 27 | 9 | ||
| BDI score | 14.5 | 10.4 | ||
| No depression | 158 | 51.8 | ||
| Mild depression | 55 | 17.5 | ||
| Moderate depr. | 58 | 19.1 | ||
| Severe depression | 35 | 11.6 | ||
| STAI score | 45.3 | 13.7 | ||
| >40 cutting score | 178 | 58.7 | ||
| CTQ | ||||
| Positive | 123 | 40.6 | ||
| LEC | ||||
| Positive | 140 | 46.2 | ||
| Trauma exp. lifetime | ||||
| Positive | 209 | 69 | ||
| PTSD+ | 72 | 34.4* | ||
| Substance Use Freq | ||||
| Before lockdown |
During lockdown |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | |
| Tobacco | ||||
| Never | 126 | 42.9 | 144 | 47.5 |
| 1-2 times | 9 | 3.1 | 12 | 4 |
| monthly | 3 | 1 | 4 | 1.3 |
| Weekly | 10 | 3.4 | 8 | 2.6 |
| Daily | 146 | 49.7 | 135 | 44.6 |
| Alcohol | ||||
| Never | 143 | 48.3 | 161 | 53.1 |
| 1-2 times | 36 | 12.2 | 47 | 15.5 |
| monthly | 17 | 5.7 | 5 | 1.7 |
| Weekly | 60 | 20.3 | 49 | 16.2 |
| Daily | 41 | 13.5 | 41 | 13.5 |
| Cannabis | ||||
| Never | 218 | 75.4 | 253 | 83.5 |
| 1-2 times | 24 | 8.3 | 16 | 5.3 |
| monthly | 6 | 2.1 | 3 | 1 |
| Weekly | 18 | 6.2 | 10 | 3.3 |
| Daily | 23 | 8 | 21 | 6.9 |
| Cocaine | ||||
| Never | 244 | 86.2 | 275 | 90.8 |
| 1-2 times | 19 | 6.7 | 16 | 5.3 |
| monthly | 9 | 3.2 | 4 | 1.3 |
| Weekly | 6 | 2.1 | 7 | 2.3 |
| Daily | 5 | 1.8 | 1 | 0.3 |
| Sedatives | ||||
| Never | 175 | 61.6 | 191 | 63 |
| 1-2 times | 30 | 10.6 | 26 | 8.6 |
| monthly | 11 | 3.9 | 7 | 2.3 |
| Weekly | 13 | 4.6 | 14 | 4.6 |
| Daily | 55 | 19.4 | 65 | 21.5 |
| Metamphet. | ||||
| Never | 263 | 93.3 | 290 | 95.7 |
| 1-2 times | 11 | 3.9 | 8 | 2.6 |
| monthly | 2 | 0.7 | 0 | 0 |
| Weekly | 3 | 1.1 | 3 | 1 |
| Daily | 3 | 1.1 | 2 | 0.7 |
| Opioids | ||||
| Never | 263 | 93.9 | 291 | 96 |
| 1-2 times | 4 | 1.4 | 3 | 1 |
| monthly | 3 | 1.1 | 1 | 0.3 |
| Weekly | 2 | 0.7 | 1 | 0.3 |
| Daily | 8 | 2.9 | 7 | 2.3 |
SD: Standard deviation, SUD: Substance use disorder, OCD: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, ADHD: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, BDI: Beck Depression Inventory, STAI: State Trait Anxiety Inventory, CTQ: Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, LEC: Life Event Checklist, PTSD+: Post-traumatic stress disorder positives, *: this percentage refers to trauma-exposed individuals. The percentage of the total sample is 23.8%.