Table 1.

Pulmonary prognostic findings for ICU admission

Reference	Author	Year	CT findings	Prognostic value
[18]	Meiler	2020	Significantly higher incidence in patients with a negative outcome (33/64): - consolidation (88%) - crazy paving (42%) - geographic shape of opacification (55%) - bronchial dilatation (27%) - air bronchogram (82%) - pleural effusion (30%) - vessel enlargement (64%) - bilateral involvement (100%) - RML involvement (100%) - extent of parenchymal opacifications > 66% of lung volume (39%)	Independent predictors of a negative outcome (mechanical ventilation, ICU admission, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, death): crazy paving – OR 8.9, extent of parenchymal opacifications > 66% of lung volume – OR 6.04 OR– negative outcome: 3.39 – dyspnea
[19]	Parry	2020	Significantly higher incidence in clinically unstable patients (20/89): - consolidation (80%) - crazy paving (70%) - vessel enlargement (90%) - air bronchogram (65%) - peripheral and central distribution (85%) - anteroposterior distribution (70%) - bilateral involvement (95%) - percentage of total lung involvement (median 39.1%)	Increased frequency of specific CT findings in clinically unstable patients (ICU admission or death) – indicators of poor short-term prognosis Higher frequency in clinically unstable patients: - older age (median age 63.6 vs. 44.6)
[20]	Tabatabaei	2020	Significantly higher incidence in ICU patients (11/120): - consolidation (82%) - crazy paving (45%) - air bronchogram (45%) - peripheral and central involvement (82%) - percentage of total lung involvement (median 36.52, combined with death group) - pleural effusion (45%)	Increased frequency of specific CT findings in ICU patients – indicators of poor short-term prognosis
[21]	Cau	2021	Significantly higher incidence in ICU patients (23/218): - consolidation - mixed lesions - bilateral opacities - extensive involvement (GGO + consolidations)	Higher frequency in ICU patients: - male sex - comorbidities (cancer) - abnormal laboratory values: high CRP and LDH - high risk of mortality
[22]	Tekcan Sanli	2020	Significantly higher incidence in ICU patients (20/231): - consolidation (65%) - affected lobe number (median 5) - affected lung parenchyma percentage (median 50%) - total number of lesions (median 13.5) - mediastinal lymphadenopathy (25%) - pleural effusion (50%) - pleural thickening (25%) - air bronchogram (40%)	Higher risk of ICU admission with consolidations in RML/RUL/LUP, increased number of affected lober, and percentage of affected parenchymal involvement Higher frequency in clinically unstable patients: - older age (median age 65.0) - comorbidities: diabetes (50%), hypertension (70%), COPD (30%) - PaO2 < 93% or respiratory rate > 20 (90%) - abnormal laboratory values: low lymphocyte count (80%), N/L ratio > 3 (68.4%), high CRP (89.5%), elevated D-dimer (93.3%)
[23]	Liang	2020	Higher incidence in discharged severe patients (26/47): - first week: GGOs (79.2%), consolidation (16.7%) - second week: GGOs (45.5%), consolidation (15.2%), reticular pattern (6.1%), mixed pattern (33.3%) - from the third week: GGOs (29%), consolidation (2%), reticular pattern (33%), mixed pattern (37%) Higher incidence in death severe patients (21/47): - first week: GGOs (90%), consolidation (10%) - second week: GGOs (92%), consolidation (8%) - from the third week: GGOs (73%), consolidations (27%)	Significantly higher frequency in non-survivors: - older age (median 77 years) - comorbidities (cerebrovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and kidney disease) - clinical syndromes (sepsis and septic shock) - abnormal laboratory values: CRP, ALT, lymphocyte count, and O2 saturation Significant difference in discharged and dead patients: - CT pattern within the second week - CT pattern within the third week - CT distribution within the third week (100% diffuse in the death group)
[24]	Erturk	2020	Significantly higher incidence in ICU patients (25/262): - crazy paving (64%) - air bronchogram (44%) - bronchus distortion (68%) - bronchiectasis (80%) - air trapping (52%) - pleural thickening (60%) - mediastinal/hilar lymph nodes enlargement (52%) - number of involved lobes (median 5)	Increased frequency of specific CT findings in ICU patients – indicators of poor short-term prognosis Higher frequency in ICU patients: - older age (median age 64.56 vs. 53.89)
[25]	Aydemire	2021	Significantly higher incidence in ICU patients (47/477): - presence of lesions (96%) - extension of lung involvement (4% – group 0, 19% – group 1, 26% – group 2, 51% – group 3)	Correlation between the extent of radiographic involvement and ICU admission Correlation with increased lung involvement: - abnormal laboratory values: increased D-dimer/Ferritin/LDH/CRP/ESR/ALT and decreased lymphocyte count
[26]	Jin	2020	Significantly higher incidence in patients with adverse outcomes (13/94): - diffuse lesions distribution in the entire lungs - consolidation mixed with or without GGO	Independent risk factor for adverse outcome: pattern 4– diffuse alveolar damage – HR 18.90 Correlation with adverse outcomes: - age ≥ 65 years – HR 9.39 - comorbidity – HR 4.14 - severe or critical illness – HR 4.62 - presence of fatigue – HR 3.62, chest congestion and/or shortness of breath – HR 3.81 – abnormal laboratory value: neutrophil percentage > 75% – HR 14.12
[27]	Chon	2020	Significantly higher incidence in severe patients (36/281): - mixed consolidations and GGO (50%) - crazy paving appearance(38.9%) - pleural effusion (27.8%) - similar lower and upper lobe distribution (22.2%) - peripheral predominant distribution (72.2%) - higher number of lobe involvement (median 3.5) and segment involvement(median 8)	Independent risk factor for critical events: pleural effusion – OR 19.41, crazy-paving appearance – OR 7.15 Correlation with critical events: - age > 77 years – OR 16.26 - comorbidities: neurologic disease – OR 11.18, malignancy – OR 8.41 - abnormal laboratory value: absolute lymphocyte count, < 1320 cells/μL – OR 4.19, CRP > 0.5 mg/dL – OR 19.69, LDH > 474 U/L OR 5.05
[28]	Abkhoo	2021	Higher incidence in ICU patients (121/121): - GGOs (71.9%) - peripheral (38.8%) and bilateral (98.3%) distribution - lower lobe predominance (94.2%) - cardiomegaly (63.6%) - parenchymal bands (47.9%) - crazy-paving pattern (44.4%)	Significantly higher frequency in non-survivors: - pleural and pericardial effusion - older age - lower O2 saturation - hypertension, low diastolic blood pressure Predictive model (pericardial effusion – OR 6.56, SpO2 – OR 0.91, hypertension – OR 4.11) – mortality: sensitivity 78.7%, specificity 61.1%, PPV 90.0%, accuracy 75.5%
[29]	Tekcan Sanli	2021	Correlation with the presence of specific vascular changes: - lesions diameter > 5 cm - crazy-paving pattern - peripheral and central involvement - higher risk of RML and LUL involvement - involvement of > 2 lobes - involvement of > 50% of lung parenchyma	Increased frequency of vascular changes in ICU patients – indicators of poor short-term prognosis Correlation with the presence of specific vascular changes: - PaO2 < 93% or respiratory rate > 20 - smoking rate – OR: 3.5 - abnormal laboratory values: increased CRP (median 5.7 mg/L) and LDH
[30]	Hejazi	2021	Higher incidence in ICU patients (168/168): multifocal (58%) and bilateral (60%) GGO	Significant correlation in ICU patients: - multifocal GGO and SOFA score on day 1 - bilateral GGO and SOFA score on day 1 - multifocal bilateral GGO and SOFA score on day 1 - multifocal bilateral GGO and SOFA score on day 5 - unilateral/bilateral GGO and CRP - unifocal/unilateral/bilateral GGO patterns and overweight/obesity - multifocal/bilateral GGO and heart failure - unifocal/multifocal/unilateral/bilateral or multifocal bilateral GGO and cardiovascular diseases - unifocal/unilateral GGO and malignancy