Table 3.
Bivariate analysis of factors associated with SPD among hospital workers (n = 396).
| Variable | SPD, n (%) |
Crude odds ratio (p value) | 95% Confidence interval | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | |||
| Demographics factors | ||||
| Age categories | ||||
| 18–34 | 170 (83.7) | 33 (16.3) | 1 (reference) | -- |
| 35–44 | 118 (86.8) | 18 (13.2) | 0.79 (0.446) | 0.42–1.46 |
| >45 | 51 (89.5) | 6 (10.5) | 0.61 (0.288) | 0.24–1.53 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 184 (85.6) | 31 (14.4) | 1 (reference) | -- |
| Female | 153 (86.0) | 25 (14.0) | 3.06 (0.368) | 0.27–35.02 |
| Prefer not to say | 2 (66.7) | 1 (3.3) | 1.03 (0.916) | 0.58–1.82 |
| Marital status | ||||
| Cohabiting | 26 (89.7) | 3 (10.3) | 1 (reference) | -- |
| Married | 166 (87.8) | 23 (12.2) | 1.20 (0.778) | 0.34–4.29 |
| Single | 117 (81.8) | 26 (18.2) | 1.93 (0.311) | 0.54–6.84 |
| Separated/divorced | 30 (85.7) | 5 (14.3) | 1.44 (0.636) | 0.31–6.64 |
| Type of hospital work | ||||
| Medical | 259 (85.8) | 43 (14.2) | 1 (reference) | -- |
| Non-medical | 80 (85.1) | 14 (14.9) | 1.05 (0.874) | 0.55–2.03 |
| Residence | ||||
| Within hospital | 70 (79.5) | 18 (20.5) | 1 (reference) | -- |
| Outside hospital | 269 (87.3) | 39 (12.7) | 0.56 (0.069) | 0.30–1.05 |
| Region | ||||
| Northern | 80 (93.0) | 6 (7.0) | 1 (reference) | --- |
| Eastern | 89 (80.9) | 21 (19.1) | 3.15 (0.019) | 1.21–8.19 |
| Central | 69 (85.2) | 12 (14.8) | 2.32 (0.110) | 0.83–6.51 |
| South-western | 101 (84.9) | 18 (15.1) | 2.38 (0.080) | 0.90–6.26 |
| Education level | ||||
| Certificate | 84 (84.0) | 16 (16.0) | 1 (reference) | -- |
| Diploma | 103 (82.4) | 22 (17.6) | 1.12 (0.750) | 0.55–2.27 |
| Bachelors | 104 (86.7) | 16 (13.3) | 0.81 (0.577) | 0.38–1.71 |
| Religion | ||||
| Christian | 282 (84.7) | 51 (15.3) | 1 (reference) | -- |
| Muslim | 56 (90.3) | 6 (9.7) | 0.59 (0.251) | 0.24–1.45 |
| Psychosocial factors | ||||
| Have used any addictive substance such as alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, Khat, others. | ||||
| No | 275 (85.9) | 45 (14.1) | 1 (reference) | -- |
| Yes | 64 (84.2) | 12 (15.8) | 1.15 (0.700) | 0.57–2.29 |
| Have maintained contact with relatives and friends. | ||||
| No | 72 (75.0) | 24 (25.0) | 1 (reference) | -- |
| Yes | 267 (89.0) | 33 (11.0) | 0.37 (0.001) | 0.21–0.67 |
| Have been excessively worried of getting infected with COVID-19 | ||||
| No | 98 (94.2) | 6 (5.8) | 1 (reference) | -- |
| Yes | 241 (82.5) | 51 (17.5) | 3.46 (0.006) | 1.44–8.32 |
| Have experienced any form of conflict or misunderstanding within your home. | ||||
| No | 227 (89.0) | 28 (11.0) | 1 (reference) | -- |
| Yes | 112 (79.4) | 29 (20.6) | 2.10 (0.010) | 1.19–3.70 |
| Have experienced any form of conflict or misunderstanding within your workplace. | ||||
| No | 215 (87.8) | 30 (12.2) | 1 (reference) | -- |
| Yes | 124 (82.1) | 27 (17.9) | 1.56 (0.123) | 0.89–2.75 |
| Have had any financial liabilities (e.g. debts, loans, mortgages, etc). | ||||
| No | 139 (95.2) | 7 (4.8) | 1 (reference) | -- |
| Yes | 200 (80.0) | 50 (20.0) | 4.96 (0.001) | 2.19–11.27 |
| Have had difficulties getting to/accessing your work place. | ||||
| No | 110 (85.9) | 18 (14.1) | 1 (reference) | -- |
| Yes | 229 (85.4) | 39 (14.6) | 1.04 (0.897) | 0.57–1.90 |
| Have felt segregated by your family friends and/or community. | ||||
| No | 211 (88.3) | 28 (11.7) | 1 (reference) | -- |
| Yes | 128 (81.5) | 29 (18.5) | 1.71 (0.063) | 0.97–3.00 |
| Hospital and health-related factors | ||||
| Have been provided with PPE and safety tool | ||||
| No | 100 (77.5) | 29 (22.5) | 1 (reference) | -- |
| Yes | 239 (89.5) | 28 (10.5) | 0.40 (0.002) | 0.23–0.71 |
| Have worked more hours than before. | ||||
| No | 153 (91.1) | 15 (8.9) | 1 (reference) | -- |
| Yes | 186 (81.6) | 42 (18.4) | 2.30 (0.009) | 1.23–4.31 |
| Have felt a significant increase in your daily work load. | ||||
| No | 154 (88.5) | 20 (11.5) | 1 (reference) | -- |
| Yes | 185 (83.3) | 37 (16.7) | 1.54 (0.148) | 0.86–2.76 |
| Have felt a significant increase in the work related pressure | ||||
| No | 139 (87.4) | 20 (12.6) | 1 (reference) | -- |
| Yes | 200 (84.4) | 37 (15.6) | 1.29 (0.400) | 0.72–2.31 |
| Have experienced an increase in the COVID-19 related scaring/worrying information/news. | ||||
| No | 60 (90.9) | 6 (9.1) | 1 (reference) | -- |
| Yes | 279 (84.6) | 51 (15.4) | 1.83 (0.184) | 0.75–4.45 |
| Have been involved in the management of a COVID-19 suspected case. | ||||
| No | 262 (88.5) | (11.5) | 1 (reference) | -- |
| Yes | 77 (77.0) | 23 (23.0) | 2.30 (0.005) | 1.28–4.14 |
| Have been involved in the management of a COVID-19 confirmed case. | ||||
| No | 297 (86.3) | 47 (13.7) | 1 (reference) | -- |
| Yes | 42 (80.8) | 10 (19.2) | 1.50 (0.289) | 0.71–3.20 |
| Have adequate knowledge about the COVID-19 pandemic | ||||
| No | 91 (83.5) | 18 (16.5) | 1 (reference) | -- |
| Yes | 148 (87.6) | 21 (12.4) | 0.72 (0.339) | 0.36–1.42 |
| Don't know | 100 (84.8) | 18 (15.2) | 0.91 (0.795) | 0.45–1.86 |
| Have any medical condition/disease that you have had for a long time | ||||
| No | 230 (86.5) | 36 (13.5) | 1 (reference) | --- |
| Yes | 82 (83.7) | 16 (16.3) | 1.25 (0.500) | 0.66–2.37 |
| Don't know | 27 (84.4) | 5 (15.6) | 1.18 (0.746) | 0.43–3.27 |
| Currently employed in more than one health facility | ||||
| No | 258 (84.9) | 46 (15.1) | 1 (reference) | -- |
| Yes | 81 (88.0) | 11 (12.0) | 0.76 (0.448) | 0.38–1.54 |
| Your hospital has medical equipment used in the management of COVID-19 e.g. ventilators | ||||
| No | 95 (81.9) | 21 (18.1) | 1 (reference) | -- |
| Yes | 158 (87.8) | 22 (12.2) | 0.63 (0.163) | 0.33–1.21 |
| Don't know | 86 (86.0) | 14 (14.0) | 0.74 (0.416) | 0.35–1.54 |