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. 2021 Feb 18;32(1):135–145. doi: 10.1038/s41370-021-00299-4

Table 3.

Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between exposure to PM2.5 and ozone over the first trimester (0–13 weeks of gestation) and placenta-mediated pregnancy complications.

Quintile
1 (lowest) 2 3 4 5 (highest) Per IQR increase
Total PM2.5 (μg/m3)
 Median (IQR) 14.0 (13.1–14.3) 15.2 (14.9–15.5) 16.1 (15.8–16.4) 17.8 (17.5–18.5) 21.3 (20.5–21.7)
 No. of women 16,616 16,736 16,678 16,714 16,710 83,454
 No. of outcome 1669 1792 1761 1783 1658 8663
 OR (95% CI)a Reference 1.09 (1.01–1.18) 1.11 (1.02–1.22) 1.12 (1.01–1.25) 1.07 (0.96–1.20) 1.00 (0.94–1.05)
 OR (95% CI)b Reference 1.09 (1.01–1.18) 1.11 (1.02–1.22) 1.13 (1.02–1.25) 1.07 (0.96–1.19) 0.99 (0.94–1.05)
PM2.5 components (μg/m3)
 Total carbon
  Median (IQR) 3.2 (2.8–3.5) 3.7 (3.7–3.8) 4.1 (4.0–4.1) 4.2 (4.2–4.3) 4.6 (4.4–4.9)
  No. of women 13,508 13,492 13,584 13,569 13,553 67,706
  No. of outcome 1403 1358 1433 1385 1479 7058
  OR (95% CI)a Reference 0.96 (0.87–1.06) 1.10 (0.98–1.22) 1.06 (0.95–1.18) 1.11 (0.98–1.25) 1.10 (1.04–1.17)
  OR (95% CI)b Reference 0.96 (0.87–1.06) 1.10 (0.98–1.23) 1.06 (0.95–1.19) 1.11 (0.98–1.26) 1.10 (1.04–1.17)
 OC
  Median (IQR) 2.1 (1.8–2.3) 2.4 (2.4–2.5) 2.7 (2.7–2.8) 2.9 (2.8–2.9) 3.2 (3.0–3.3)
  No. of women 13,540 13,486 13,569 13,526 13,585 67,706
  No. of outcome 1398 1351 1379 1402 1528 7058
  OR (95% CI)a Reference 0.97 (0.87–1.07) 1.07 (0.97–1.19) 1.10 (0.98–1.22) 1.19 (1.05–1.34) 1.14 (1.08–1.22)
  OR (95% CI)b Reference 0.97 (0.87–1.07) 1.08 (0.97–1.20) 1.10 (0.99–1.23) 1.20 (1.06–1.36) 1.15 (1.08–1.22)
 EC
  Median (IQR) 1.1 (1.0–1.2) 1.2 (1.2–1.3) 1.3 (1.3–1.3) 1.4 (1.4–1.4) 1.5 (1.5–1.5)
  No. of women 13,483 13,549 13,543 13,547 13,584 67,706
  No. of outcome 1440 1452 1373 1365 1428 7058
  OR (95% CI)a Reference 1.00 (0.91–1.11) 0.91 (0.83–1.01) 0.94 (0.86–1.04) 0.99 (0.89–1.10) 1.01 (0.96–1.07)
  OR (95% CI)b Reference 1.00 (0.91–1.10) 0.91 (0.82–1.00) 0.94 (0.85–1.03) 0.98 (0.89–1.09) 1.01 (0.96–1.07)
 Nitrate
  Median (IQR) 0.3 (0.2–0.4) 0.7 (0.6–0.8) 1.3 (1.1–1.5) 1.9 (1.8–2.1) 2.6 (2.5–2.7)
  No. of women 13,502 13,547 13,537 13,539 13,581 67,706
  No. of outcome 1416 1424 1424 1414 1380 7058
  OR (95% CI)a Reference 0.96 (0.88–1.05) 1.01 (0.91–1.12) 1.02 (0.91–1.15) 1.02 (0.90–1.17) 1.03 (0.95–1.13)
  OR (95% CI)b Reference 0.96 (0.88–1.05) 1.02 (0.92–1.13) 1.03 (0.91–1.16) 1.03 (0.90–1.17) 1.03 (0.95–1.13)
 Sulphate
  Median (IQR) 1.7 (1.5–1.7) 2.0 (1.9–2.1) 2.8 (2.5–2.9) 3.4 (3.2–3.6) 4.1 (3.9–4.8)
  No. of women 13,528 13,481 13,547 13,584 13,566 67,706
  No. of outcome 1442 1405 1380 1443 1388 7058
  OR (95% CI)a Reference 1.00 (0.91–1.11) 1.01 (0.89–1.14) 1.10 (0.96–1.25) 1.10 (0.95–1.28) 1.05 (0.97–1.13)
  OR (95% CI)b Reference 1.00 (0.91–1.11) 1.01 (0.89–1.15) 1.10 (0.96–1.26) 1.10 (0.95–1.28) 1.05 (0.97–1.13)
 Ammonium
  Median (IQR) 1.0 (1.0–1.1) 1.2 (1.2–1.3) 1.5 (1.4–1.6) 1.7 (1.7–1.7) 1.8 (1.8–1.9)
  No. of women 13,452 13,536 13,558 13,611 13,549 67,706
  No. of outcome 1447 1436 1417 1393 1365 7058
  OR (95% CI)a Reference 0.98 (0.90–1.06) 1.02 (0.93–1.11) 1.03 (0.93–1.15) 1.03 (0.92–1.16) 1.03 (0.95–1.12)
  OR (95% CI)b Reference 0.98 (0.90–1.06) 1.01 (0.93–1.11) 1.03 (0.93–1.15) 1.03 (0.92–1.16) 1.03 (0.95–1.12)
 Chloride
  Median (IQR) 0.04 (0.03–0.06) 0.09 (0.08–0.11) 0.15 (0.14–0.18) 0.30 (0.26–0.34) 0.41 (0.39–0.44)
  No. of women 13,531 13,497 13,571 13,508 13,599 67,706
  No. of outcome 1379 1404 1412 1441 1422 7058
  OR (95% CI)a Reference 1.00 (0.92–1.09) 1.06 (0.96–1.17) 1.16 (1.01–1.33) 1.11 (0.96–1.29) 1.04 (0.95–1.14)
  OR (95% CI)b Reference 1.00 (0.92–1.09) 1.06 (0.97–1.17) 1.16 (1.01–1.33) 1.11 (0.96–1.28) 1.04 (0.95–1.14)
 Sodium
  Median (IQR) 0.10 (0.09–0.10) 0.13 (0.12–0.13) 0.15 (0.15–0.16) 0.17 (0.16–0.17) 0.19 (0.18–0.19)
  No. of women 13,516 13,546 13,561 13,499 13,584 67,706
  No. of outcome 1388 1391 1415 1365 1499 7058
  OR (95% CI)a Reference 1.02 (0.94–1.10) 1.08 (0.98–1.18) 1.02 (0.92–1.14) 1.15 (1.02–1.29) 1.10 (1.03–1.18)
  OR (95% CI)b Reference 1.02 (0.94–1.11) 1.08 (0.98–1.19) 1.03 (0.93–1.15) 1.16 (1.03–1.31) 1.11 (1.03–1.18)
 Potassium
  Median (IQR) 0.06 (0.05–0.06) 0.06 (0.06–0.06) 0.07 (0.06–0.07) 0.08 (0.07–0.08) 0.09 (0.09–0.10)
  No. of women 13,483 13,590 13,510 13,473 13,650 67,706
  No. of outcome 1409 1354 1404 1425 1466 7058
  OR (95% CI)a Reference 0.95 (0.88–1.04) 0.99 (0.91–1.08) 1.04 (0.95–1.14) 1.03 (0.94–1.12) 1.05 (1.00–1.09)
  OR (95% CI)b Reference 0.95 (0.88–1.03) 0.98 (0.90–1.07) 1.04 (0.95–1.13) 1.03 (0.94–1.12) 1.05 (1.00–1.09)
 Calcium
  Median (IQR) 0.05 (0.04–0.05) 0.06 (0.06–0.07) 0.07 (0.07–0.07) 0.09 (0.08–0.09) 0.11 (0.10–0.11)
  No. of women 13,507 13,574 13,496 13,539 13,590 67,706
  No. of outcome 1411 1389 1490 1407 1361 7058
  OR (95% CI)a Reference 0.96 (0.88–1.04) 1.04 (0.95–1.13) 1.02 (0.93–1.12) 1.02 (0.92–1.13) 1.02 (0.97–1.07)
  OR (95% CI)b Reference 0.95 (0.87–1.04) 1.04 (0.96–1.13) 1.02 (0.93–1.12) 1.02 (0.92–1.13) 1.01 (0.97–1.07)
Ozone (ppb)
  Median (IQR) 25.8 (25.0–26.5) 30.3 (28.8–31.4) 33.8 (32.9–36.0) 40.4 (38.5–42.1) 45.4 (44.1–47.8)
  No. of women 16,669 16,700 16,670 16,707 16,708 83,454
  No. of outcome 1731 1732 1746 1716 1738 8663
  OR (95% CI)a Reference 1.02 (0.93–1.13) 1.04 (0.92–1.17) 1.08 (0.96–1.23) 1.12 (0.98–1.28) 1.05 (0.97–1.14)
  OR (95% CI)b Reference 1.02 (0.93–1.13) 1.04 (0.92–1.18) 1.09 (0.96–1.23) 1.12 (0.98–1.28) 1.05 (0.97–1.14)

EC elemental carbon, IQR interquartile range, OC organic carbon.

aAdjusted for maternal age, birth year, season of conception.

bAdditionally adjusted for smoking, alcohol drinking, prepregnancy body mass index, current history of diabetes/gestational diabetes, infertility treatment and parity.