Table 2. Summary of possible sources of infection in the transmission of scrapie in sheep and goats.

Source of infection	Methods of detection	References
Placental tissue	Transmission to sheep, goats, and mice; detection of PrPSc by immunoblotting, IHC, and ELISA	Andréoletti et al., 2002; Lacroux et al., 2007; O’Rourke et al., 2011; Onodera et al., 1993; Pattison et al., 1972, 1974; R. E. Race et al., 1998; Tuo et al., 2002
Milk and colostrum	Transmission to sheep, goats, and ovinized transgenic mice; detection of PrPSc by PMCA	Konold et al., 2008, 2013, 2016; Lacroux et al., 2008; Maddison et al., 2009; Zhuang et al., 2018
Feces	Detection of PrPSc by PMCA	Terry et al., 2011
Urine	Detection of PrPSc by PMCA	Rubenstein et al., 2011
Saliva	Transmission to ovinized transgenic mice and detection of PrPSc by PMCA	Gough et al., 2012; Maddison, et al., 2010; Tamgüney et al., 2012
Semen	Transmission to ovinized transgenic mice and detection of PrPSc by PMCA	Rubenstein et al., 2012
Blood	Transmission to sheep and detection of PrPSc by PMCA	Houston et al., 2008; Thorne & Terry, 2008