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. 2022 Jan 6;15:821680. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.821680

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Copyright © 2022 Devineni and Scaplen.

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Examples in which the same stimulus can elicit different behavioral responses through competing pathways that are gated by state or context. Black arrows depict neural circuits generating behavior; blue arrows depict excitatory modulation whereas red arrows depict inhibitory modulation. Dashed lines indicate putative types of modulation that have not been experimentally confirmed. For example, it is not known whether fast walking switches the behavioral response to carbon dioxide by enhancing the pathway promoting approach or suppressing the pathway for avoidance.