Fig. 2. Stable isotope tracing of ketogenesis.

a A schematic summary of isotope tracing of ketogenesis using [U-¹³C]palmitate. b–d Primary hepatocytes treated with [U-¹³C]palmitate (0.1 mM) for 4 h followed by 100 nM glucagon stimulation for 1 h with or without HADHA plasmid transfection. b BHB relative abundance. n = 8, 5, 4, 5, 8, 5, 3, 3, 8, 4, 3, 4 (from left to right). c AcAc relative abundance. n = 8, 4, 4, 4, 8, 5, 3, 4, 8, 5, 4, 3 (from left to right). d Cit relative abundance. n = 8, 4, 5, 5, 8, 4, 4, 4 (from left to right). e–g Primary hepatocytes treated with [U-¹³C]palmitate (0.1 mM) for 4 h followed by 100 nM glucagon stimulation for 1 h with or without HADHA siRNA transfection (n = 3–5). e BHB relative abundance. n = 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5 (from left to right). f AcAc relative abundance n = 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5 (from left to right). g Cit relative abundance. n = 4, 5, 5, 4, 4, 4, 3, 3 (from left to right). AcAc acetoacetate, BHB β-hydroxybutyrate, Cit citrate, GLC glucagon, TCA tricarboxylic acid cycle. Bars represent mean ± SEM values. Statistical differences were determined by one-way ANOVA. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.