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. 2022 Jan 19;13(1):67. doi: 10.1038/s41419-022-04517-1

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — A RT-qPCR analysis of Slc2a2 and Gck mRNA expressions in rat islets incubated with 5 mM sodium butyrate (SP) or 5 mM sodium propionate (SB) for 24 h. B Basal and glucose-stimulated oxygen consumption rate (OCR) in rat islets treated with 5 mM SB for 1 h. C Determination of glucose-stimulated OCR based on B. D Basal and glucose-stimulated OCR in rat islets treated with 5 mM SB for 24 h. E Determination of glucose-stimulated OCR based on D. F After rat islets were treated with 5 mM SB for 24 h, OCR was measured in the presence of 25 mM glucose, 1 μM oligomycin, 2 μM FCCP, or 0.5 μM rotenone/antimycin A at the indicated time points (arrows). G Determination of basal, coupled, and uncoupled respiration in F. H mtDNA content in INS-1 cells treated with 5 mM SB for 24 h. I SDHA (Complex II) and ATP5A1 (Complex V) protein expressions in INS-1 cells treated with 5 mM SB for 24 h. Data were given as mean ± SD for three separate experiments. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 vs control (CON) group. ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001.