Fig. 1. The effect of larval competition on fitness traits in Ae. aegypti.

a Competition at low resource levels (0.183 mg ml⁻¹) increased the negative effect of increased temperature on juvenile mortality. Symbols with 95% confidence intervals denote the predicted mortality rates for each treatment derived from fitting an exponential function to our survival data using the ‘flexsurv’³² R package. b Development time decreased with temperature at all resource levels but, at most temperatures, it was significantly extended by competition at 0.183 mg ml⁻¹. c As temperatures increased from 22 °C, competition at 0.183 mg ml⁻¹ significantly reduced size at emergence. d As temperatures increased from 22 to 32 °C, competition at 0.183 mg ml⁻¹ significantly reduced adult lifespan. The resulting ANOVAs of the regressions for each trait are presented in Table 1. Boxplot horizontal lines represent medians. Lower and upper hinges are the 25th and 75th percentiles. Upper whiskers extend from the hinge to the largest value no further than 1.5 × inter-quartile range (IQR) from the hinge. The lower whisker extends from the hinge to the smallest value at most 1.5 × IQR of the hinge. The number of female mosquitoes in each treatment is shown in Table 2. Source data are in Supplementary Data 1.