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. 2022 Jan 19;12:964. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-05130-0

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© This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Map of the study domain over the Pantanal: (a) shows four categories of pasture based on cattle head density per cattle ranch (estimated from the Mapbiomas project³⁷), with the conservation areas (shown in the hatched patterns) with the indigenous and environmental reserves (http://www.funai.gov.br/index.php/shape; https://antigo.mma.gov.br/areas-protegidas/cadastro-nacional-de-ucs/dados-georreferenciados.html), (b) shows the four dominant land cover types from the MODIS land cover data⁶⁷, (c) shows the locations of the burned areas in 2019 and 2020, based on the MCD64A1 burned area product⁴³, and (d) shows a map of the standardized 6-month root zone soil moisture anomaly averaged across the Aug-Nov of 2020. The spatial maps are created using QGIS (https://qgis.org/en/site/).