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. 2022 Jan 19;12:1022. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-05012-5

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Memory was impaired in aged mice with long-term obesity. (a–d) APP23 mice (25 to 27 weeks old) were fed a standard chow diet (st) or a HFD (60% fat) for 43 weeks. The body weights (BWs) of APP23 (n = 7 standard diet-fed mice; n = 9 HFD-fed mice) (a) mice. The error bars represent the standard errors of the mean (SEMs). *p < 0.05. Statistical significance (p < 0.05) was determined by Student’s t test. (b) Serum levels of FBS and insulin in standard diet-fed mice (n = 5) and HFD-fed mice (n = 8). Statistical significance (p < 0.05) was determined by Student’s t test. (c) Performances of mice with long-term obesity and control mice in the NOL test. One of three objects was moved from the previous location (P) to a novel location (N). (d) Representative trajectories of mice exploring the objects (left panels). The total distance traveled (arbitrary units: A. U.) and the exploration indices in each zone at trials 3 and 4 are shown. Statistical significance (p < 0.05) was determined by Student’s t test (total distance; index comparing between zones P and N) or one-way ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni post-hoc test [standard diet-fed APP23 mice: F(2,12) = 2.76, p = 0.10 (trial3), F(2,12) = 3.62, p = 0.06 (trial4); HFD-fed APP23 mice: F(2,24) = 0.54, p = 0.59 (trial3), F(2,24) = 2.07, p = 0.15 (trial4)]. Standard diet-fed mice (n = 5); HFD-fed mice (n = 9).