. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Feb 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Clin Psychol. 2021 Jul 20;78(2):321–342. doi: 10.1002/jclp.23225

Table 3.

SEM model of PTSD, DSO, and social and emotional loneliness.

	PTSD		DSO
	B (SE)	β (SE)	B (SE)	β (SE)
Latent variables
Emotional loneliness	.11^** (.04)	.31 (.10)	.31^*** (.05)	.57 (.06)
Social loneliness	−.01 (.03)	−.02 (.09)	.13^*** (.04)	.25 (.06)
Covariates
Age	.00 (.01)	−.02 (.05)	−.01 (.01)	−.05 (.06)
Sex^a	.04 (.04)	.06 (.06)	.08 (.06)	.08 (.06)
Urban dwelling^b	.01 (.05)	.01 (.07)	−.18^* (.08)	−.14 (.06)
Education	−.01 (.01)	−.04 (.06)	.02 (.02)	.09 (.06)
Household income	.00 (.00)	−.04 (.06)	−.01 (.01)	−.07 (.06)
Trauma (childhood only)	.10^*** (.02)	.39 (.04)	.12^*** (.03)	.28 (.05)
Trauma (adulthood only)	.04^*** (.01)	.21 (.05)	.04^* (.02)	.13 (.06)
Trauma (childhood and adulthood)	.03^** (.01)	.14 (.04)	.04^* (.02)	.09 (.05)

Note: PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder; DSO = disturbances in self-organisation; B = unstandardised estimates; β = standardised estimates; SE = standard error;

^{a =}

sex coded as 0 = male, 1 = female;

^{b =}

urban dwelling coded as 0 = not living in a metropolitan area, 1 = living in a metropolitan area.

Statistical significance:

p < .05;

^**

p < .01;

^***

p < .001.