Table 3.
Incident rates of hypertension and subtypes in participants by quantiles of percentage energy from carbohydrate.
| Variable | Incidence (per 100 person–years; 95% CI)* | Total | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quintile 1 | Quintile 2 | Quintile 3 | Quintile 4 | Quintile 5 | ||
| HTN | ||||||
| All | ||||||
| Median (IQR) | 43.7 (39.3–46.5) | 52.4 (50.7–54.0) | 58.5 (57.1–60.1) | 64.5 (63.1–66.1) | 72.7 (70.2–75.9) | 58.5 (50.7–66.1) |
| Cases/n | 475 | 494 | 474 | 538 | 540 | 2521 |
| Person–years | 9997.7 | 10330.8 | 11129.3 | 11454.1 | 11549.7 | 54461.6 |
| IR | 4.71 (4.30–5.13) | 5.00 (4.58–5.42) | 4.66 (4.27–5.05) | 4.92 (4.53–5.32) | 5.13 (4.73–5.54) | 4.86 (4.68–5.04) |
| Men | ||||||
| Median (IQR) | 43.4 (39.0–46.4) | 52.6 (51.0–54.3) | 59.0 (57.5–60.4) | 64.9 (63.6–66.6) | 72.8 (70.5–76.2) | 59.0 (50.9–66.6) |
| Cases/n | 257 | 262 | 258 | 262 | 279 | 1318 |
| Person–years | 4567.2 | 4813.7 | 5163.7 | 5279.0 | 5291.6 | 25115.2 |
| IR | 5.83 (5.15–6.51) | 5.52 (4.87–6.16) | 5.43 (4.82–6.05) | 5.32 (4.72–5.93) | 5.49 (4.87–6.10) | 5.48 (5.20–5.76) |
| Women | ||||||
| Median (IQR) | 44.0 (39.6–46.7) | 52.2 (50.6–53.8) | 58.2 (56.7–59.8) | 64.2 (62.8–65.8) | 72.6 (70.0–75.8) | 58.2 (50.6–65.8) |
| Cases/n | 217 | 238 | 217 | 269 | 262 | 1203 |
| Person–years | 5444.3 | 5520.9 | 5911.7 | 6183.5 | 6253.8 | 29346.3 |
| IR | 4.03 (3.51–4.56) | 4.61 (4.06–5.16) | 4.12 (3.61–4.62) | 4.81 (4.27–5.34) | 4.82 (4.29–5.35) | 4.31 (4.08–4.55) |
| ISH | ||||||
| All | ||||||
| Cases/n | 130 | 130 | 137 | 129 | 129 | 655 |
| Person–years | 9997.7 | 10330.8 | 11129.3 | 11454.1 | 11549.7 | 54461.6 |
| IR | 1.39 (1.16–1.62) | 1.51 (1.28–1.75) | 1.58 (1.35–1.81) | 1.43 (1.22–1.65) | 1.59 (1.36–1.82) | 1.48 (1.38–1.59) |
| Men | ||||||
| Cases/n | 61 | 51 | 64 | 50 | 57 | 283 |
| Person–years | 4567.2 | 4813.7 | 5163.7 | 5279.0 | 5291.6 | 25115.2 |
| IR | 1.57 (1.21–1.93) | 1.23 (0.92–1.54) | 1.66 (1.31–2.01) | 1.27 (0.97–1.58) | 1.43 (1.11–1.75) | 1.42 (1.28–1.57) |
| Women | ||||||
| Cases/n | 68 | 79 | 73 | 80 | 72 | 372 |
| Person–years | 5444.3 | 5520.9 | 5911.7 | 6183.5 | 6253.8 | 29346.3 |
| IR | 1.36 (1.05–1.67) | 1.77 (1.42–2.11) | 1.60 (1.28–1.92) | 1.61 (1.30–1.93) | 1.66 (1.34–1.97) | 1.53 (1.39–1.67) |
| IDH | ||||||
| All | ||||||
| Cases/n | 181 | 194 | 186 | 207 | 225 | 993 |
| Person–years | 9997.7 | 10330.8 | 11129.3 | 11454.1 | 11549.7 | 54461.6 |
| IR | 1.69 (1.44–1.95) | 1.81 (1.56–2.07) | 1.56 (1.33–1.79) | 1.58 (1.35–1.81) | 1.82 (1.58–2.07) | 1.69 (1.59–1.80) |
| Men | ||||||
| Cases/n | 111 | 113 | 118 | 118 | 126 | 586 |
| Person–years | 4567.2 | 4813.7 | 5163.7 | 5279.0 | 5291.6 | 25115.2 |
| IR | 2.35 (1.91–2.79) | 2.23 (1.82–2.65) | 2.10 (1.71–2.49) | 1.98 (1.60–2.35) | 2.23 (1.83–2.62) | 2.16 (1.98–2.34) |
| Women | ||||||
| Cases/n | 70 | 83 | 75 | 83 | 96 | 407 |
| Person–years | 5444.3 | 5520.9 | 5911.7 | 6183.5 | 6253.8 | 29346.3 |
| IR | 1.19 (0.91–1.48) | 1.46 (1.14–1.78) | 1.21 (0.93–1.49) | 1.24 (0.97–1.52) | 1.44 (1.14–1.73) | 1.29 (1.16–1.42) |
| SDH | ||||||
| All | ||||||
| Cases/n | 116 | 143 | 122 | 176 | 164 | 721 |
| Person–years | 9997.7 | 10330.8 | 11129.3 | 11454.1 | 11549.7 | 54461.6 |
| IR | 1.16 (0.95–1.36) | 1.36 (1.14–1.59) | 1.21 (1.01–1.42) | 1.63 (1.40–1.87) | 1.53 (1.31–1.76)# | 1.38 (1.28–1.47) |
| Men | ||||||
| Cases/n | 62 | 84 | 67 | 86 | 87 | 386 |
| Person–years | 4567.2 | 4813.7 | 5163.7 | 5279.0 | 5291.6 | 25115.2 |
| IR | 1.36 (1.02–1.69) | 1.73 (1.36–2.10) | 1.42 (1.09–1.74) | 1.88 (1.52–2.25) | 1.66 (1.32–2.01)# | 1.60 (1.44–1.75) |
| Women | ||||||
| Cases/n | 54 | 60 | 54 | 85 | 82 | 335 |
| Person–years | 5444.3 | 5520.9 | 5911.7 | 6183.5 | 6253.8 | 29346.3 |
| IR | 1.04 (0.77–1.31) | 1.04 (0.77–1.31) | 1.04 (0.78–1.30) | 1.49 (1.18–1.79) | 1.54 (1.23–1.84)# | 1.18 (1.06–1.30) |
*
Age adjusted using the direct method to the year 2010 census population.
IR, incidence rate, per 100 person-years; CI, confidence interval.
#
P for trend (Ptrend < 0.05).
ISH, isolated systolic hypertension; IDH, isolated diastolic hypertension; SDH, systolic-diastolic hypertension; HTN, hypertension.