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. 2022 Jan 6;8:728774. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2021.728774

Table 3.

Incident rates of hypertension and subtypes in participants by quantiles of percentage energy from carbohydrate.

Variable Incidence (per 100 person–years; 95% CI)* Total
Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5
HTN
All
Median (IQR) 43.7 (39.3–46.5) 52.4 (50.7–54.0) 58.5 (57.1–60.1) 64.5 (63.1–66.1) 72.7 (70.2–75.9) 58.5 (50.7–66.1)
Cases/n 475 494 474 538 540 2521
Person–years 9997.7 10330.8 11129.3 11454.1 11549.7 54461.6
IR 4.71 (4.30–5.13) 5.00 (4.58–5.42) 4.66 (4.27–5.05) 4.92 (4.53–5.32) 5.13 (4.73–5.54) 4.86 (4.68–5.04)
Men
Median (IQR) 43.4 (39.0–46.4) 52.6 (51.0–54.3) 59.0 (57.5–60.4) 64.9 (63.6–66.6) 72.8 (70.5–76.2) 59.0 (50.9–66.6)
Cases/n 257 262 258 262 279 1318
Person–years 4567.2 4813.7 5163.7 5279.0 5291.6 25115.2
IR 5.83 (5.15–6.51) 5.52 (4.87–6.16) 5.43 (4.82–6.05) 5.32 (4.72–5.93) 5.49 (4.87–6.10) 5.48 (5.20–5.76)
Women
Median (IQR) 44.0 (39.6–46.7) 52.2 (50.6–53.8) 58.2 (56.7–59.8) 64.2 (62.8–65.8) 72.6 (70.0–75.8) 58.2 (50.6–65.8)
Cases/n 217 238 217 269 262 1203
Person–years 5444.3 5520.9 5911.7 6183.5 6253.8 29346.3
IR 4.03 (3.51–4.56) 4.61 (4.06–5.16) 4.12 (3.61–4.62) 4.81 (4.27–5.34) 4.82 (4.29–5.35) 4.31 (4.08–4.55)
ISH
All
Cases/n 130 130 137 129 129 655
Person–years 9997.7 10330.8 11129.3 11454.1 11549.7 54461.6
IR 1.39 (1.16–1.62) 1.51 (1.28–1.75) 1.58 (1.35–1.81) 1.43 (1.22–1.65) 1.59 (1.36–1.82) 1.48 (1.38–1.59)
Men
Cases/n 61 51 64 50 57 283
Person–years 4567.2 4813.7 5163.7 5279.0 5291.6 25115.2
IR 1.57 (1.21–1.93) 1.23 (0.92–1.54) 1.66 (1.31–2.01) 1.27 (0.97–1.58) 1.43 (1.11–1.75) 1.42 (1.28–1.57)
Women
Cases/n 68 79 73 80 72 372
Person–years 5444.3 5520.9 5911.7 6183.5 6253.8 29346.3
IR 1.36 (1.05–1.67) 1.77 (1.42–2.11) 1.60 (1.28–1.92) 1.61 (1.30–1.93) 1.66 (1.34–1.97) 1.53 (1.39–1.67)
IDH
All
Cases/n 181 194 186 207 225 993
Person–years 9997.7 10330.8 11129.3 11454.1 11549.7 54461.6
IR 1.69 (1.44–1.95) 1.81 (1.56–2.07) 1.56 (1.33–1.79) 1.58 (1.35–1.81) 1.82 (1.58–2.07) 1.69 (1.59–1.80)
Men
Cases/n 111 113 118 118 126 586
Person–years 4567.2 4813.7 5163.7 5279.0 5291.6 25115.2
IR 2.35 (1.91–2.79) 2.23 (1.82–2.65) 2.10 (1.71–2.49) 1.98 (1.60–2.35) 2.23 (1.83–2.62) 2.16 (1.98–2.34)
Women
Cases/n 70 83 75 83 96 407
Person–years 5444.3 5520.9 5911.7 6183.5 6253.8 29346.3
IR 1.19 (0.91–1.48) 1.46 (1.14–1.78) 1.21 (0.93–1.49) 1.24 (0.97–1.52) 1.44 (1.14–1.73) 1.29 (1.16–1.42)
SDH
All
Cases/n 116 143 122 176 164 721
Person–years 9997.7 10330.8 11129.3 11454.1 11549.7 54461.6
IR 1.16 (0.95–1.36) 1.36 (1.14–1.59) 1.21 (1.01–1.42) 1.63 (1.40–1.87) 1.53 (1.31–1.76)# 1.38 (1.28–1.47)
Men
Cases/n 62 84 67 86 87 386
Person–years 4567.2 4813.7 5163.7 5279.0 5291.6 25115.2
IR 1.36 (1.02–1.69) 1.73 (1.36–2.10) 1.42 (1.09–1.74) 1.88 (1.52–2.25) 1.66 (1.32–2.01)# 1.60 (1.44–1.75)
Women
Cases/n 54 60 54 85 82 335
Person–years 5444.3 5520.9 5911.7 6183.5 6253.8 29346.3
IR 1.04 (0.77–1.31) 1.04 (0.77–1.31) 1.04 (0.78–1.30) 1.49 (1.18–1.79) 1.54 (1.23–1.84)# 1.18 (1.06–1.30)
*

Age adjusted using the direct method to the year 2010 census population.

IR, incidence rate, per 100 person-years; CI, confidence interval.

#

P for trend (Ptrend < 0.05).

ISH, isolated systolic hypertension; IDH, isolated diastolic hypertension; SDH, systolic-diastolic hypertension; HTN, hypertension.

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