TABLE 3.

Maximum specific growth rates (µ_max) in microplate experiments of GMI1000 for different mixtures of carbon substrates

Substrates	µmax 1 (h−1)	µmax 2 (h−1)
Glutamine + Aspartate	0.262 ± 0.007	‐
Glutamine + Malate	0.242 ± 0.005	0.055 ± 0.009
Glutamine + Succinate	0.230 ± 0.027	‐
Glutamine + Asparagine a	0.220 ± 0.008	0.094 ± 0.009
Glutamine + Glucose a	0.211 ± 0.010	0.062 ± 0.003
Glutamine + Gamma‐aminobutyrate	0.203 ± 0.008	0.036 ± 0.004
Glutamine + Alanine	0.199 ± 0.005	0.088 ± 0.001
Glutamine + Histidine	0.190 ± 0.031	0.039 ± 0.008
Glutamine + Proline	0.167 ± 0.005	‐
Glutamine + Galactose	0.161 ± 0.002	0.045 ± 0.003
Glutamine + Alpha‐ketoglutarate	0.090 ± 0.010	‐
Asparagine + Alanine	0.221 ± 0.022	‐
Asparagine + Glucose a	0.218 ± 0.005	0.092 ± 0.008
Asparagine + Succinate	0.213 ± 0.018	0.070 ± 0.005
Asparagine + Malate	0.210 ± 0.002	0.170 ± 0.004
Asparagine + Alpha‐ketoglutarate	0.184 ± 0.025	0.163 ± 0.020
Asparagine + Aspartate	0.179 ± 0.005	0.032 ± 0.002
Asparagine + Proline	0.148 ± 0.002	0.068 ± 0.003
Asparagine + Galactose	0.127 ± 0.002	‐
Asparagine + Histidine	0.108 ± 0.001	0.044 ± 0.001
Aspartate + Glucose a	0.207 ± 0.006	0.096 ± 0.013
Aspartate + Malate	0.249 ± 0.030	0.064 ± 0.004
Casamino acid	0.219 ± 0.006	‐
Glutamate + Aspartate	0.215 ± 0.013	‐
Glutamate + Succinate	0.175 ± 0.006	‐
Glutamate + Alpha‐ketoglutarate	0.163 ± 0.005	‐
Glutamate + Glucose	0.160 ± 0.008	‐
Glutamate + Gamma‐aminobutyrate	0.158 ± 0.006	0.036 ± 0.007
Glutamate + Galactose	0.154 ± 0.007	0.037 ± 0.002
Glutamate + Proline	0.151 ± 0.013	‐
Glutamate + Asparagine	0.148 ± 0.005	0.096 ± 0.002
Glutamate + Alanine	0.148 ± 0.007	‐
Glutamate + Histidine	0.139 ± 0.012	‐

All experiments were performed with a total initial carbon concentration of 100 mM C, 50 mM C for each substrate in the mixture.

Abbreviation: ‐, absence of second growth phase

^a Carbon sources used for shake‐flasks experiments.