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. 2022 Jan 6;12:806184. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.806184

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Copyright © 2022 Gupta and Hirschberg.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematic representation of MEP and carotenoid biosynthesis pathway. Name of the enzymes are highlighted in bold. G3P, Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate; DXP, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate; MEP, 2-C-Methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate; CDP-ME, 4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl- D-erythritol; CDP-MEP, 4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-Methyl-D-erythritol 2-phosphate; ME-cPP, 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate; HMBPP, 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate; IPP, isopentenyl diphosphate; DMAPP, dimethylallyl diphosphate; GGPP, geranylgeranyl diphosphate; DXS, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase; DXR, DXP reductoisomerase; CMS, 4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol synthase; CMK, 4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol kinase; MCS, 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate (ME-cPP) synthase; HDS, 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl-4-diphosphate synthase; HDR, 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-butenyl 4-diphosphate reductase; IDI, isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase; GGPPS, GGPP synthase; PSY, phytoene synthase; PDS, phytoene desaturase; ZISO, ζ-carotene isomerase; ZDS, ζ-carotene desaturase; CRTISO, carotenoid isomerase; LCYB, lycopene β-cyclase; LCYE, lycopene epsilon-cyclase; CYP97A/C, cytochrome P450 enzymes; CHY1/2, carotene hydroxylase; VDE, violaxanthin deepoxidase; ZEP, zeaxanthin epoxidase; NXS, neoxanthin synthase; CCS, capsanthin-capsorubin synthase; NCED, 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase; XISO, xanthophyll isomerase.