Table 6.
Complications of severe COVID-19 infection [54].
| Complication | Inflammatory response | Structural abnormalities | Clinical outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abnormal coagulation and thrombosis | LymphopeniaThrombocytopenia IL-6, CRPD-dimmer | Venous thrombosisIntravascular coagulopathy,Myocardial injuryCerebral infarction | Deep vein thrombosisDICMyocardial infarctionStroke |
| Acute cardiovascular syndrome (ACovSC) | Troponin¯ST or STArrhythmias | Wall motion abnormalities,De novo systolic dysfunctionMyocarditis or myocardiopathy | Heart failurePericardial effusionAcute coronary artery disease. |
| Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) | Alveolar damage Influx of inflammatory cellsProtein exudation | Pulmonary edemaPneumonia, Pleural effusionSecondary bacterial infection | Acute dyspneaSevere hypoxiaRespiratory failure |
| Cytokine storm syndrome (CSS) | Macrophage activationCytokine releaseThrombin ¯Anticoagulants | Activation of coagulation pathwaysWidespread microthrombi, Vascular permeability | DICShockMultiorgan failure |