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. 2022 Jan 1;13(2):669–680. doi: 10.7150/jca.61622

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Ferroptosis induced by carbon ion irradiation. HepG2, Hep3B and PLC/PRF/5 cells were pre-treated with 10 μM CQ for 4h, 0.5 mM 4-PBA for 12h, 10 μM sorafenib for 12h, respectively. Irradiations were conducted with carbon ions (LET = 50 keV/μm) at a dose of 2 Gy. (A) Representative morphological characteristics of mitochondria were observed using laser confocal microscopy. (B) Representative characteristics of ferroptosis and autophagic vacuoles were examined with a transmission electron microscope. (C) MDA level in HepG2 cells after carbon ion irradiation. The mRNA levels of SLC7A11 in HepG2 (D), Hep3B (E) and PLC/PRF/5 (F) cells after irradiation. The expression levels of ferroptosis-related proteins in HepG2 (G), Hep3B (H) and PLC/PRF/5 (I) cells after irradiation. (Ctrl: control. ns: not significant, *: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01).