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. 2022 Jan 1;12(3):1388–1403. doi: 10.7150/thno.62514

Figure 4.

Figure 4

GDNP prevents the development of HFD-induced glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, inflammation, and decrease in life span. A. Quantification of plasma dextran FITC fluorescence in lean and HFD-fed mice treated with PBS and GDNP to determine the gut permeability (n = 5/group). B. H & E staining of small intestinal tissues from lean, and PBS- and GDNP-treated HFD-fed mice (n = 5/group). C. Levels of circulating LPS in plasma (n=5/group). D. Body weights at various time points of diet administration (RCD or HFD). Statistical significance was calculated between PBS- and GDNP-treated HFD-fed mice (n = 5/group). E. Images of the white adipose tissue (WAT) and liver in lean and PBS- or GDNP-treated HFD-fed mice. Fat deposition shown by red arrows. Liver weight after 12 months of PBS or GDNP treatment (n = 5/group). F. Oil red O staining of liver tissue derived from 12 months of PBS or GDNP treatment (n = 5/group). G. Quantification of levels of circulating insulin (left panel) and glucose-induced insulin (right panel) in lean and PBS- or GDNP-treated HFD-fed mice (n = 5/group). H. Glucose tolerance test (GTT) and insulin tolerance test (ITT) of lean and HFD-fed mice treated with PBS or GDNP at 12 months. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc test was used for statistical significance (n = 5/group). One-way ANOVA with the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons or Student t test was used to calculate statistical significance (p value *<0.05; **<0.01; ***<0.001).