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. 2022 Jan 20;20:38. doi: 10.1186/s12951-021-01236-1

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig.3 — HUCMSCs-EVs effectively promote the polarization of M2 macrophages in vitro. A hUCMSCs-EVs were labeled with DIR, and uptake of DIR-labeled hUCMSCs-EVs by macrophages was observed by confocal microscope; Scale bar: 100 μm. B The proliferative effect of hUCMSCs-EVs on macrophages was measured by CCK-8 analysis. C The impact of hUCMSCs-EVs on the viability of macrophages was detected by the cell live/death experiment; green represents live cells while red represents dead cells; Scale bar: 1 mm. D Relative mRNA expression of the critical genes ARG1, CD206, INOS, and CD86 was determined in polarized macrophages by quantitative RT-PCR analysis; the data of triplicate experiments are presented as mean ± S.D. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. E Relative mRNA expression of the related cytokines IL-10, IL-1, and IL-6 were determined in polarized macrophages by quantitative RT-PCR analysis; the experiment was conducted triplicate; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. F The typical surface markers in M2-polarized macrophages induced by hUCMSCs-EVs were detected by Flow cytometry analysis