Table 1.

CARD9 signaling in various CVDs.

Disease model	Name of Studied Gene	Expression Change of Studied gene	Immune Cells of Infiltration	Inflammatory Molecules	Signaling	Cardiac/Vascular Effects	Ref.
Viral Myocarditis	CARD9	not mentioned	not mentioned	IFN-γ, IL-6, TGF-β, IL-17A	not mentioned	CARD9 KO ameliorated myocardial inflammation and injury.	10
Cardiac Arteritis	CARD9	not mentioned	monocytes neutrophils	IL-1β CCL2/MCP-1, CXCL-1	Dectin2/CARD9/NLRP3	CARD9 KO mice were completely protected from CAWS-induced vasculitis.	39
Atherosclerosis	CARD9	not mentioned	macrophages	MCP-1	not mentioned	Hematopoietic CARD9 KO increased severity of plaque and lesion size.	46
Atherosclerosis	CARD9	not mentioned	macrophages CD3-positive cells	none	not mentioned	Hematopoietic CARD9 KO did not affect lesion size.	47
M-I/R Injury	CARD9	not mentioned	neutrophils	TNF-α, IL-6, CXCL-1, MCP-1	p38 MAPK	CARD9 KO decreased myocardial infarct size.	11
M-I/R Injury	CARD9	upregulation	NA	NA	CARD9/Rubicon	CARD9 KO impaired autophagy and increased cardiac dysfunction.	49
M-I/R Injury	CARD9	upregulation	NA	NA	CARD9/Apaf-1	CARD9 knockdown increased the apoptotic rate of H9C2 cells in vitro and aggravated cardiomyocytes apoptosis in vivo.	50
Ang II-induced Cardiac Injury	CARD9	upregulation	macrophages	IL-1β, TGF-β, CTGF	p38 MAPK NF-κB	CARD9 KO decreased cardiac inflammation and fibrosis.	12
Obesity-induced Cardiac Injury	CARD9	upregulation	macrophages	IL-6, TNF-a, IL-1β	p38 MAPK	CARD9 KO increased cardiac autophagy and decreased cardiac fibrosis and dysfunction.	44
Hypertension (Transverse Aortic Constriction-induced)	CARD9	not mentioned	not mentioned	not mentioned	NF-κB	CARD9 KO mice increased cardiac autophagy and did not develop cardiac fibrosis, hypertrophy, and dysfunction.	43