Table 1.
Characteristics of the non-DR group and DR group
| Variables | All (n = 456) | Non-DR (n = 239) | DR (n = 217) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 53.54 ± 12.13 / 55 (44–63) | 53 (40–62) | 57 (47–64) | 0.009** |
| Male gender, n (%) | 292 (64) | 161 (65.2) | 131 (62.7) | 0.579 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 9.73 ± 6.97 / 9 (4–15) | 7 (3–12) | 11 (6–16) | 0.001** |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 232 (46.4) | 105 (42.5) | 127 (50.2) | 0.085 |
| Current smoking, n (%) | 150 (32.9) | 89 (36) | 61 (29.2) | 0.121 |
| DNP, n (%) | 175 (38.5) | 79 (33.2) | 96 (44.2) | 0.027 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.6 (23.92–27.95) | 25.39 (23.84–27.39) | 25.6 (23.98–28.09) | 0.929 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 140 (126–150) | 137 (123–150) | 140 (130–154) | 0.007* |
| DBP (mmHg) | 80 (74–90) | 80 (72–88) | 81 (75–90) | 0.067 |
| FBG (mmol/L) | 8.44 (6.88–10.61) | 8.2 (6.79–10.54) | 8.59 (7.04–10.71) | 0.163 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.4 (7.2–9.6) | 8.2 (7.1–9.5) | 8.5 (7.6–9.8) | 0.076 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 68 (55–81) | 66 (54–80) | 69 (60–84) | 0.057 |
| Fasting C-Peptide (ng/ml) | 1.5 (1.0–2.2) | 1.55 (1.0–2.3) | 1.5 (1.0–2.15) | 0.426 |
| Neutrophil (× 109/L) | 3.71 (3.05–4.45) | 3.48 (2.96–4.41) | 3.85 (3.17–4.5) | 0.01* |
| Lymphocyte (×109/L) | 2.22 (1.78–2.64) | 2.26 (1.87–2.69) | 2.17 (1.73–2.56) | 0.053 |
| Monocyte (×109/L) | 0.38 (0.31–0.45) | 0.38 (0.3–0.45) | 0.38 (0.31–0.44) | 0.31 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 5.02 (4.42–5.74) | 4.96 (4.24–5.58) | 5.13 (4.58–5.96) | 0.000** |
| TG (mmol/L) | 2.18 (1.4–3.43) | 2.12 (1.43–3.2) | 2.31 (1.35–3.59) | 0.286 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.15 (0.99–1.3) | 1.11 (0.99–1.28) | 1.16 (1.00–1.325) | 0.496 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 3.09 (2.66–3.58) | 3.14 (2.65–3.59) | 3.05 (2.66–3.55) | 0.822 |
| APOA (g/L) | 1.26 (1.13–1.39) | 1.25 (1.14–1.39) | 1.21 (1.11–1.40) | 0.981 |
| APOB (g/L) | 1.03 (0.87–1.21) | 1.035 (0.84–1.2) | 1.03 (0.9–1.22) | 0.2 |
| RC (mmol/L) | 0.65 (0.45–0.99) | 0.54 (0.31–0.83) | 0.74 (0.60–1.12) | 0.000** |
| TyG-index | 9.62 ± 0.78 | 9.52 ± 0.73 | 9.72 ± 0.82 | 0.006* |
| NLR | 1.64 (1.36–2.03) | 1.60 (1.30–1.93) | 1.69 (1.41–2.26) | 0.000** |
| Uric Acid (μmol/L) | 329.3 (280.4–393.8) | 326.3 (276.6–395) | 330.8 (286.05–393.7) | 0.644 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 61.3 (50.6–70.5) | 60.5 (50.45–70.13) | 62.3 (51.1–72.4) | 0.384 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2) | 108.6 (97.68–121.03) | 110.96 (98.24–123.10) | 106.27 (96–117.95) | 0.013 |
| mAlb (mg/24 h) | 20.31 (19.76–33.63) | 19.95 (19.57–23.56) | 20.71 (19.95–56.53) | 0.000** |
| Metformin, n (%) | 277 (60.7) | 149 (60.3) | 128 (61.2) | 0.841 |
| DPP-IV inhibitor, n (%) | 189 (41.4) | 98 (39.7) | 91 (43.5) | 0.404 |
| Acarbose, n (%) | 68 (15.3) | 38 (15.9) | 30 (14.6) | 0.712 |
| Insulin, n (%) | 139 (30.5) | 72 (29.1) | 67 (32.1) | 0.502 |
| Anitihypertensive drugs, n (%) | 159 (34.9) | 76 (30.8) | 83 (39.7) | 0.046* |
Abbreviations: DR diabetic retinopathy, DPN diabetic peripheral neuropathy, BMI body mass index, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, FBG Fasting blood glucose, APOA apolipoprotein A, APOB apolipoprotein B, TC total cholesterol, TG triglyceride, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, RC remnant cholesterol, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, HbA1c glycosylated hemoglobin, TyG-index triglyceride glucose index, NLR neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, DR diabetic retinopathy, DPP-IV dipeptidyl peptidase-IV, mAlb microalbuminuria
Notes: Data are expressed as mean ± SD, percentages, or as medians (IQR); p-values were compared by independent t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, or Chi-square test as appropriate.*P < 0.05, **P < 0. 001