Table 4.
Crude and adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) of tinnitus, depression, quality of life related to anxiety and depressive mood for earphone use by gender
| Characteristics | Earphone use |
Model 2† | P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude | P-value | Model 1* | P-value | ||||
| Male | |||||||
| Tinnitus | 1.02 (0.85–1.22) | 0.82 | 1.41 (1.10–1.82) | 0.006‡ | 1.37 (1.07–1.76) | 0.013‡ | |
| Occupational noise exposure | 0.732 (0.54–0.99) | 0.040‡ | 1.30 (0.96–1.76) | 0.091 | 1.22 (0.90–1.66) | 0.202 | |
| Sudden noise exposure | 1.70 (1.40–2.07) | <0.001‡ | 1.77 (1.43–2.21) | <0.001‡ | 1.73 (1.39–2.15) | <0.001‡ | |
| Anxiety/depression | 0.56 (0.38–0.82) | 0.001 | 1.17 (0.68–2.00) | 0.608 | 1.02 (0.60–1.71) | 0.952 | |
| Female | |||||||
| Tinnitus | 1.16 (1.00–1.34) | 0.049 | 1.27 (1.03–1.56) | 0.023‡ | 1.21 (0.98–1.49) | 0.073 | |
| Occupational noise exposure | 1.58 (1.05–2.37) | 0.029‡ | 1.60 (1.06–2.42) | 0.027‡ | 1.55 (1.02–2.35) | 0.040‡ | |
| Sudden noise exposure | 1.63 (0.92–2.89) | 0.097 | 1.68 (0.94–2.98) | 0.080 | 1.57 (0.88–2.81) | 0.128 | |
| Anxiety/depression | 0.62 (0.49–0.77) | <0.001 | 1.38 (0.99–1.95) | 0.049 | 1.36 (1.00–1.89) | 0.050‡ | |
| 12–20 years old | |||||||
| Tinnitus | 1.55 (1.24–1.96) | <0.001‡ | 1.35 (1.05–1.75) | 0.017‡ | 1.28 (1.00–1.65) | 0.050‡ | |
| Occupational noise exposure | 1.84 (0.61–5.51) | 0.277 | 1.55 (0.51–4.73) | 0.442 | 1.55 (0.51–4.76) | 0.441 | |
| Sudden noise exposure | 1.31 (0.70–2.44) | 0.401 | 1.40 (0.74–2.63) | 0.301 | 1.33 (0.71–2.52) | 0.377 | |
| Anxiety/depression | 2.23 (0.85–6.03) | 0.072 | 1.53 (0.57–4.35) | 0.377 | 1.04 (0.41–2.63) | 0.939 | |
| 21–40 years old | |||||||
| Tinnitus | 1.33 (1.11–1.59) | 0.002‡ | 1.21 (0.96–1.53) | 0.104 | 1.12 (0.89–1.42) | 0.335 | |
| Occupational noise exposure | 1.16 (0.87–1.55) | 0.316 | 1.15 (0.85–1.54) | 0.368 | 1.10 (0.82–1.49) | 0.529 | |
| Sudden noise exposure | 1.63 (1.33–2.00) | <0.001‡ | 2.18 (1.67–2.84) | <0.001‡ | 2.15 (1.64–2.80) | <0.001‡ | |
| Anxiety/depression | 1.27 (0.98–1.65) | 0.065 | 1.43 (1.00–2.05) | 0.040‡ | 1.39 (1.00–1.42) | 0.050‡ | |
| 40+ years old | |||||||
| Tinnitus | 1.01 (0.75–1.34) | 0.943 | 1.81 (1.15–2.86) | 0.007‡ | 1.77 (1.13–2.77) | 0.013‡ | |
| Occupational noise exposure | 2.34 (1.41–3.89) | 0.001‡ | 2.44 (1.45–4.10) | 0.001‡ | 2.37 (1.40–3.99) | 0.001‡ | |
| Sudden noise exposure | 1.13 (0.77–1.66) | 0.538 | 1.22 (0.78–1.91) | 0.382 | 1.19 (0.75–1.88) | 0.455 | |
| Anxiety/depression | 0.81 (0.52–1.19) | 0.319 | 1.08 (0.61–1.94) | 0.783 | 1.04 (0.59–1.83) | 0.884 | |
*Adjusted model for age, sex, socioeconomic status, and education level. †Adjusted model for age, sex, socioeconomic status, education level, tinnitus, occupational noise exposure, sudden noise exposure, activities of daily living (ADL), and anxiety/depression. ‡Significance at P < 0.05.