Table 1.

Main summary of studies of HIV and early menopause

Main findings	Reference
Early menopause can be associated with an increased cardiovascular risk, osteoporosis, and neurological condition	[1]
Menstruation can stop for >12 months despite normal plasma gonadotrophin level	[8]
HIV can be associated with abnormal AMH levels in 23% of women, 57% have abnormal FSH, and 63% abnormal antral follicular count	[13]
About 5%-30% of women with HIV may experience early menopause	[7,8,9,10,11,12]
Early menopause can occur 5 years early in women with HIV	[1,15,17]
Causes of early menopause with HIV can be due to chronic infection, hepatitis, depletion of estrogen, abnormal CD4 count, smoking, metabolic changes with HIV such as diabetes, other HIV-related diseases, and medication used for HIV or other related HIV illnesses	[12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19]

AMH=Anti-Müllerian hormone; FSH=Follicle-stimulating hormone