Table 1.
Descriptive statistics for the total sample and for the three subgroups identified via the cluster analysis
| Variable | Statistic | Total (n = 940) |
Group 1 No online gambling (n = 357) |
Group 2 Variable online gambling (n = 202) |
Group 3 Mainly online lottery (n = 381) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics factors | |||||
| Participants’ age | M(SD) | 33.98(16.41) | 33.97(16.60) | 30.15(16.05) | 36.03(16.09) |
| Participants’ gender | (% male) | 53.2 | 44.5 | 63.5 | 55.8 |
| Psychological factors | |||||
| Change in mental health problems | M(SD) | .41(.49) | .36(.44) | .59(.60) | .36(.47 |
|
Financially focused self-concept (5-point Likert from “not at all” = 1 to “extremely” = 5) |
M(SD) | 2.69(.95) | 2.60(.93) | 3.04(.91) | 2.60(.98) |
|
Income negatively affected by COVID (7-point Likert from “strongly disagree” = 1 to “strongly agree” = 7) |
M(SD) | 3.61(2.04) | 3.46(2.01) | 4.20(2.04) | 3.43(2.03) |
|
Problem Gambling Severity Index (low risk = 1–2; moderate risk = 3–7; problem gambling = 8 +) |
M(SD) | 1.35(3.52) | .77(2.71) | 3.39(4.92) | .81(2.86) |
| Online gambling | |||||
| Instant lottery (i.e., digital scratch tickets) | (% yes) | 23.2 | 0 | 53 | 29.1 |
| Lottery (e.g., Lotto 6/49) | (% yes) | 53.3 | 0 | 85.6 | 86.1 |
| Sports lottery | (% yes) | 5.4 | 0 | 21.3 | 2.1 |
| Raffles (e.g., 50/50) | (% yes) | 13.1 | 0 | 32.2 | 15.2 |
| EGMs (e.g., slot machines) | (% yes) | 11 | .3 | 36.1 | 7.6 |
| Poker | (% yes) | 9.9 | .3 | 32.2 | 7.1 |
| Casino table games (e.g., blackjack) | (% yes) | 6.6 | 0 | 22.8 | 4.2 |
| Bet money on live sports with bookmaker (e.g., hockey) | (% yes) | 4.8 | 0 | 19.3 | 1.6 |
| Bet on sports pools with friends | (% yes) | 8.7 | .3 | 28.7 | 6 |
| Bet on esports (e.g., League of Legends) | (% yes) | 3.2 | 0 | 13.9 | .5 |
| Bet on virtual sports (e.g., virtual soccer) | (% yes) | 3.4 | 0 | 14.9 | .5 |
| Bet money on horse races | (% yes) | 4.6 | 0 | 17.3 | 2.1 |
| Bet on politics or novelty events (e.g., election outcomes) | (% yes) | 4.5 | 0 | 18.3 | 1.3 |
| Change in online gambling | |||||
| Yes, I spend more money | (% selected) | 7.2 | 0 | 33.7 | 0 |
| Yes, I spend less money | (% selected) | 7.2 | 0 | 33.7 | 0 |
| Yes, I spend more time | (% selected) | 4.3 | 0 | 19.8 | 0 |
| Yes, I spend less time | (% selected) | 5.2 | 0 | 24.3 | 0 |
| Yes, I play a larger number of different games | (% selected) | 1.4 | .6 | 0 | 2.9 |
| Yes, I play games I’ve never played before | (% selected) | 1.8 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 2.4 |
| Yes, I play a smaller number of different games | (% selected) | 1.2 | .8 | 1 | 1.6 |
| No change in online gambling during COVID-19 | (% selected) | 40.6 | 0 | 3 | 98.7 |
Items listed under Change in online gambling are specified responses to the question “Has your online gambling changed during the COVID-19 gambling venue restrictions (i.e., March 17, 2020)?”