Table 3.

Study interventions.

Author, publication date and country	Neurophysiological assessment	Types of stimuli	Analgesics during tests	Pre-test pain	Post-test pain
da Graça-Tarragó M et al (2016), Porto Alegre, Brazil[33]	TMS	CPM - non-dominant hand in cold water (0–1 °C) for 1 min)	No	N/A	N/A
Quante et al (2008), Neustadt, Holstein Germany[42]	EEG (2 32-channel amplifiers)	Intracutaneous electrical pulses (20 ms)	10 mL of bupivacaine 0.5% + triancinolone 40 mg (6 patients) between pre- and post-intervention period	VAS = 5.83 ± 0.94.	NCi: VAS = 4.91 ± 1.01Ci: VAS = 4.93 ± 0.93P = .93
Preece et al (2016), Manchester UK[43]	64 channels EEG	Heat emissions by thulium laser stimulator (<150 ms). Auditory stimulus before physical stimulation.	No	WOMACs = 9.6WOMACc = 45	IAIWOMACs 9.6 [3.0]–4.2 [2.7]; P < .01WOMACc = 45 [13]–21 [13]); P < .0115MPIWOMACs = 9.1 [3.2]–4.4 [2.7]); P < .01WOMACc = 43 [14]–25 [14]); P < .01
Kittelson et al (2014), Colorado, USA[44]	TMS	Isometric torque and voluntary quadriceps activation	No	N/A	N/A
da Graça-Tarragó et al (2016), Porto Alegre, Brazil[45]	TMS	OA = a-EIMS 2 Hz;C = ElectroacupunctureCPM—non-dominant hand in cold water (0–1 °C for 1 min)	No	WOMACC = 52.46 (SD = 11.56)OA = 54.92 (SD = 18.05)VASC = 6.77(SD = 0.43)OA = 6.85 (SD = 0.38)	VASC = 4.32 (SD = 1.23)OA = 3.11 (SD = 1.54)