Table 4.
Associations among skin carotenoid levels and various continuous parameters.
| r | Lower 95% CI | Upper 95% CI | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 0.2212 | 0.1770 | 0.2646 | <0.0001 ** |
| Waist circumference | −0.1957 | −0.2396 | −0.1510 | <0.0001 ** |
| Systolic Blood pressure | −0.0271 | −0.0730 | 0.0190 | 0.2491 |
| Heart rate | 0.0254 | −0.0207 | 0.0714 | 0.2801 |
| RBC | −0.0872 | −0.1327 | −0.0413 | 0.0002 ** |
| WBC | −0.1003 | −0.1456 | −0.0545 | <0.0001 ** |
| Hct | −0.0676 | −0.1133 | −0.0216 | 0.0040 ** |
| AST | −0.0149 | −0.0609 | 0.0312 | 0.5272 |
| ALT | −0.1007 | −0.1461 | −0.0549 | <0.0001 ** |
| γ-GTP | −0.1438 | −0.1886 | −0.0984 | <0.0001 ** |
| ALP | 0.0086 | −0.0375 | 0.0546 | 0.715 |
| LDH | 0.0804 | 0.0345 | 0.1260 | 0.0006 ** |
| ChE | −0.0841 | −0.1297 | −0.0382 | 0.0003 ** |
| ZTT | −0.0222 | −0.0784 | 0.0341 | 0.4392 |
| Bil | 0.1198 | 0.0741 | 0.1650 | <0.0001 ** |
| TP | 0.0393 | −0.0067 | 0.0852 | 0.0941 |
| Albumin | 0.0236 | −0.0225 | 0.0695 | 0.3161 |
| BUN | 0.1120 | 0.0663 | 0.1572 | <0.0001 ** |
| Cre | −0.0884 | −0.1339 | −0.0425 | 0.0002 ** |
| UA | −0.1296 | −0.1747 | −0.0841 | <0.0001 ** |
| T-Chol | 0.0605 | 0.0145 | 0.1063 | 0.0100 ** |
| TG | −0.1039 | −0.1493 | −0.0581 | <0.0001 ** |
| HDL | 0.1259 | 0.0803 | 0.1710 | <0.0001 ** |
| LDL | 0.0237 | −0.0223 | 0.0697 | 0.3128 |
| non-HDL | −0.0108 | −0.0568 | 0.0353 | 0.6460 |
| Fasting BG | −0.0491 | −0.0950 | −0.0030 | 0.0367 * |
| HbA1c | 0.0344 | −0.0117 | 0.0803 | 0.1431 |
| Amylase | 0.1348 | 0.0792 | 0.1896 | <0.0001 ** |
| Lipase | 0.1593 | 0.1140 | 0.2039 | <0.0001 ** |
| CRP | −0.0243 | −0.0703 | 0.0218 | 0.3009 |
The correlation coefficient (r) and p values for each pair of groups, calculated by using Pearson’s correlation test. The * and ** correspond to the significance levels at 5% (p < 0.05) and 1% (p < 0.01), respectively. CI, confidence interval; RBC, red blood cell; WBC white blood count; Hct, hematocrit; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; γ-GTP, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; ChE, cholinesterase; ZTT, zinc sulfate turbidity test; Bil, total bilirubin; TP, total protein; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; Cre, creatinine; UA, uric acid; T-Chol, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; non-HDL, non-high-density lipoprotein; BG, blood glucose; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; CRP, C-reactive protein.