Table 5.
Associations among skin carotenoid levels and various categorical parameters.
| N | Mean ± SD | Range | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 859 | 354.6 ± 118.0 | 132.0, 925.0 | <0.0001 ** |
| Female | 953 | 391.9 ± 123.5 | 83.0, 974.0 | |
| Smoking habit | ||||
| Yes | 71 | 287.9 ± 77.4 | 175.0, 650.0 | <0.0001 ** |
| No | 1741 | 377.7 ± 122.5 | 83.0, 974.0 | |
| Antihypertensive agents | ||||
| Yes | 334 | 377.4 ± 128.7 | 137.0, 847.0 | 0.5991 |
| No | 1478 | 373.5 ± 120.9 | 83.0, 974.0 | |
| Hypolipidemic agents | ||||
| Yes | 302 | 387.9 ± 123.8 | 137.0, 834.0 | 0.0340 * |
| No | 1510 | 371.5 ± 121.3 | 83.0, 974.0 | |
| Insulin usage | ||||
| Yes | 68 | 367.0 ± 134.1 | 132.0, 784.0 | 0.6177 |
| No | 1744 | 374.5 ± 121.9 | 83.0, 974.0 |
The p values are calculated by using the unpaired student’s t-test between groups. The * and ** correspond to the significance levels at 5% (p < 0.05) and 1% (p < 0.01), respectively. N, number; SD, standard deviation.