Table 1.

Advantages, disadvantages, and data requirements for different methods of estimating the relationship between animal AMU and human AMR.

Method	Advantages	Disadvantages	Data Sources
Transmission Dynamic Mathematical Models	Mechanistic capturing of AMR evolution Once fitted, can be used to predict/explore scenarios	Requires comprehensive data Complexity of development	Prevalence of AMR in infections in both humans and livestock Multiple country data on antibiotic use across the One Health spectrum
Panel Regression Methods	Accommodation of flexible functional forms Complexity in many factors can be included Overcome data gaps	Has difficulty accounting for exogenous or random relationships Requires causal mechanism understanding Requires comprehensive data	Prevalence of AMR in infections in both humans and livestock Multiple country data on antibiotic use across the One Health spectrum data on social and economic factors