Table A1.

Findings of selected studies investigating the relationship between animal AMU and human AMR.

Study Reference	Method	Relevant Findings
Muloi et al., 2018 [18]	Systematic review of genomic studies	Focusing on E. coli; 18% of studies suggested transfer of resistance from food-producing animals to humans, 56% of studies suggested transmission between animals and humans with no specified direction, and 26% of studies did not support the presence of transmission
Zhang, Cui and Zhang, 2019 [56]	Panel regression model	A 10% increase in veterinary antimicrobial consumption was associated with a 1.65% (95% CI 0.376%, 2.924%) decrease in the rate of resistance of P. aeruginosa to fluoroquinolones in European countries
Booton et al., 2021 [21]	Differential equation modelling	Completely eliminating animal antibiotic use can be expected to reduce colonisation of humans by resistant bacteria by 7.1% (95% CI 1.0%, 16.8%) in Thailand
Tang et al., 2017 [29]	Meta-analysis of real-life intervention studies	Risk of AMR in humans was 24% lower (95% CI 6%, 42%) in treatment than control groups after interventions to reduce antimicrobial use in food-producing animals