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Effect of adenine-induced chronic kidney disease (CKD), resveratrol, or resveratrol butyrate ester on the gut microbiome. (A) α-Diversity measured by the abundance-based coverage estimator (ACE) index. (B) β-Diversity using the partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). (C) Relative abundance of the top five phyla of the gut microbiota. Relative abundance of the phyla (D) Actinobacteria and (E) Verrucomicrobia. N = 8/group; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01.
