Figure 2.
Intracellular reactive oxygen species level of IPEC-J2 cells after one hour of treatment with Escherichia coli and grape seed oligomeric proanthocyanidins (GSOPs). Control—treatment with plain medium; E. coli—treatment with 106 CFU/mL E. coli; GSOPs 50, 100 pre—pre-treatment before E. coli infection with 50 and 100 μg/mL GSOPs, respectively; GSOPs 50, 100 parallel—parallel treatment of E. coli infection with 50 and 100 μg/mL GSOPs, respectively; GSOPs 50, 100 post—treatment after E. coli infection with 50 and 100 μg/mL GSOPs, respectively. Data are shown as means with standard deviation and expressed as relative fluorescence, considering the mean value of control as 100%. N = 6/group. Significant difference: *** p < 0.001, in yellow: compared to the untreated control, in blue: compared to E. coli treatment.