Table 1.

Reduction in the amount of bacteria adhered to IPEC-J2 cells by one hour of treatment with grape seed oligomeric proanthocyanidins (GSOPs). GSOPs 50, 100 pre—pre-treatment before bacterial infection with 50 and 100 μg/mL GSOPs, respectively; GSOPs 50, 100 parallel—parallel treatment of bacterial infection with 50 and 100 μg/mL GSOPs, respectively; GSOPs 50, 100 post—treatment after bacterial infection with 50 and 100 μg/mL GSOPs, respectively.

	Escherichia coli		Salmonella Typhimurium
Treatment	Reduction	p Value	Reduction	p Value
GSOPs 50 pre	−62.35%	p < 0.001	−51.14%	p < 0.05
GSOPs 100 pre	−75.12%	p < 0.001	−57.55%	p < 0.05
GSOPs 50 parallel	−43.62%	p < 0.05	−24.03%	p = 0.16
GSOPs 100 parallel	−44.25%	p < 0.01	−30.66%	p = 0.11
GSOPs 50 post	−23.27%	p = 0.46	−5.38%	p = 0.34
GSOPs 100 post	−56.35%	p < 0.001	−17.39%	p = 0.21