Table 1.
Characteristics of the subjects.
| Variables | Total (n = 2190) |
|---|---|
| Age (years), mean ± SD | 58.2 ± 5.8 |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 24.1 ± 3.2 |
| BDI-II score, mean ± SD | 9.0 ± 7.8 |
| CES-D score, mean ± SD | 8.5 ± 8.5 |
| Depressive disorder prevalence, n (%) | |
| BDI-II score ≥ 14 | 487 (22.2) |
| CES-D score ≥ 16 | 363 (16.6) |
| Stage of depression using BDI-II score, n (%) | |
| Minimal (0–13) | 1703 (77.8) |
| Mild (14–19) | 270 (12.3) |
| Moderate (20–28) | 151 (6.9) |
| Severe (29–63) | 66 (3.0) |
| Stage of depression using CES-D score, n (%) | |
| Normal (0–15) | 1827 (83.4) |
| Probable depression (16–24) | 238 (10.9) |
| Definite depression(25–60) | 125 (5.7) |
| Education level, n (%) | |
| Elementary school | 322 (14.7) |
| Middle school | 569 (25.9) |
| High school | 967 (44.2) |
| College and higher | 332 (15.2) |
| Household income, n (%) | |
| <1000 dollar | 184 (8.4) |
| 1000–2000 dollar | 450 (20.5) |
| 2000–4000 dollar | 801 (36.6) |
| >4000 dollar | 755 (34.5) |
| Current Smoking, n (%) | |
| No | 2119 (96.8) |
| Yes | 71 (3.2) |
| Current alcohol drinking, n (%) | |
| No | 1530 (69.9) |
| Yes | 660 (30.1) |
| Physical activity, n (%) | |
| No | 907 (41.4) |
| Yes | 1283 (58.6) |
| Marital status, n (%) | |
| Married | 1689 (77.1) |
| Others | 501 (22.9) |
| Job, n (%) | |
| White-collar worker | 169 (7.7) |
| Service worker | 497 (22.7) |
| Blue-collar worker | 205 (9.4) |
| Housewife | 1319 (60.2) |
| Chronic disease, n (%) | |
| No | 1440 (65.8) |
| Yes | 750 (34.2) |
| Family history of depression, n (%) | |
| No | 2150 (98.2) |
| Yes | 40 (1.8) |
| Use of antidepressant, n (%) | |
| No | 2154 (98.4) |
| Yes | 36 (1.6) |
| Sleep duration, n (%) | |
| <6 h | 385 (17.5) |
| 6–8 h | 1420 (65.0) |
| >8 h | 385 (17.5) |
| Stress, n (%) | |
| Rarely | 549 (25.1) |
| A litter | 1088 (49.7) |
| A lot | 520 (23.7) |
| Very much | 33 (1.5) |
| Menopausal status | |
| No | 282 (12.9) |
| Yes | 1908 (87.1) |
SD, standard deviation; BDI-II, Beck Depression Inventory-II; CES-D, Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale. Chronic disease: diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, or cancer diagnosis.