Table 2.
Intake of flavonoids and carotenoids between the control and depressive symptom groups.
| Variables | Control (n = 1703) |
Depressive Symptoms * (n = 487) |
p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total flavonoids | 126.12 ± 1.44 | 113.71 ± 2.71 | <0.0001 |
| Flavonols | 13.39 ± 0.19 | 12.84 ± 0.38 | 0.0174 |
| Flavones | 1.45 ± 0.02 | 1.30 ± 0.03 | <0.0001 |
| Flavanols | 78.90 ± 1.08 | 70.51 ± 2.05 | 0.0001 |
| Flavanones | 7.44 ± 0.19 | 6.82 ± 0.31 | 0.046 |
| Isoflavonoids | 15.87 ± 0.30 | 14.68 ± 0.52 | 0.0322 |
| Anthocyanins | 8.74 ± 0.19 | 7.29 ± 0.31 | 0.0001 |
| Flavonols | |||
| Kaempferol | 1.53 ± 0.0.02 | 1.49 ± 0.05 | 0.2623 |
| Myricetin | 0.18 ± 0.00 | 0.17 ± 0.00 | 0.0004 |
| Quercetin | 11.69 ± 0.17 | 11.18 ± 0.34 | 0.0149 |
| Flavones | |||
| Luteolin | 1.23 ± 0.01 | 1.09 ± 0.03 | <0.0001 |
| Apigenin | 0.22 ± 0.00 | 0.21 ± 0.01 | 0.093 |
| Flavanols | |||
| (+)-Catechin | 3.71 ± 0.06 | 3.22 ± 0.11 | <0.0001 |
| (+)-Gallocatechin | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.003 |
| (−)-Epicatechin | 3.37 ± 0.07 | 2.88 ± 0.13 | <0.0001 |
| (−)-Epigallocatechin | 0.30 ± 0.01 | 0.27 ± 0.01 | 0.0003 |
| (−)-Epicatechin 3-gallate | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.8674 |
| Theaflavin | 9.67 ± 0.16 | 8.41 ± 0.29 | <0.0001 |
| Theaflavin 3-gallate | 6.21 ± 0.09 | 5.50 ± 0.17 | <0.0001 |
| Theaflavin 3′-gallate | 26.13 ± 0.36 | 23.43 ± 0.70 | 0.0003 |
| Theaflavin 3,3′ digallate | 29.49 ± 0.40 | 26.79 ± 0.78 | 0.0016 |
| Flavanones | |||
| Hesperidin | 6.58 ± 0.17 | 6.11 ± 0.30 | 0.0515 |
| Naringenin | 0.83 ± 0.03 | 0.69 ± 0.03 | 0.0012 |
| Eriodictyol | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.0215 |
| Isoflavones | |||
| Daidzein | 6.07 ± 0.12 | 5.63 ± 0.21 | 0.0487 |
| Genistein | 7.58 ± 0.14 | 6.99 ± 0.25 | 0.0251 |
| Glycitein | 2.12 ± 0.04 | 1.98 ± 0.07 | 0.0436 |
| Coumestrol | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 0.0216 |
| Formonnetin | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.1729 |
| Biochanin A | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.1777 |
| Anthocyanins | |||
| Cyanidin | 7.04 ± 0.17 | 5.80 ± 0.26 | <0.0001 |
| Delphinidine | 0.32 ± 0.02 | 0.28 ± 0.03 | 0.0019 |
| Pelargonidine | 0.21 ± 0.01 | 0.18 ± 0.01 | <0.0001 |
| Peonidine | 1.18 ± 0.03 | 1.04 ± 0.06 | 0.0046 |
| Total carotenoids | 24.69 ± 0.32 | 22.62 ± 0.59 | 0.0001 |
| α-carotene | 0.53 ± 0.01 | 0.45 ± 0.02 | 0.0042 |
| β-carotene | 6.46 ± 0.08 | 5.95 ± 0.15 | 0.0004 |
| Lycopene | 2.21 ± 0.06 | 1.91 ± 0.10 | 0.0015 |
| Lutein | 1.90 ± 0.03 | 1.79 ± 0.06 | 0.0391 |
| Zeaxanthin | 0.21 ± 0.00 | 0.19 ± 0.01 | 0.0038 |
| β-cryptoxanthin | 0.31 ± 0.00 | 0.28 ± 0.01 | 0.0025 |
| Capsaicin | 12.40 ± 0.20 | 11.44 ± 0.38 | 0.0015 |
* Depressive symptoms: BDI-II score ≥ 14; Values expressed as mean ± SE (standard error).