ADA	American Diabetes Association
AGE	advanced glycation end products
ALA	α-linolenic acid
ALT	alanine aminotransferase
AST	aspartate aminotransferase
ATP	adenosine triphosphate
BAFF	B cell activating factor
BW/GA	relationship between BW and GA
BW	birth weight
CAT	catalase
CD40	cluster of differentiation 40
CDKAL1	CDK5 regulatory subunit-associated protein 1-like 1
CDKN2A/2B	cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A/2B
CFU	colony forming unit
CGRP	calcitonin gene-related peptide
CNCD	chronic non-communicable diseases
CRP	C-reactive protein
CVD	cardiovascular diseases
DASH	dietary approaches to stop hypertension
DHA	docosahexaenoic acid
DNA	deoxyribonucleic acid
EGCG	3-gallate epigallocatechin
EPA	eicosapentaenoic acid
ERK	extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase
FADH2	reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide
FBG	fasting blood glucose
FTO	fat mass- and obesity-associated gene
G6PD	glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
GA	gestational age
GAPDH	glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
GDM	gestational diabetes mellitus
GH	growth hormone
GLUT	glucose transporters
GLUT-1	glucose transporter 1
GPCRs	G-protein-coupled receptors
GPx	glutathione peroxidase
GR	glutathione reductase
GRP78	78-kDa glucose-regulated protein
GSH	reduced glutathione
GSSG	reduces oxidized glutathione disulfide
GST	glutathione S-transferase
HAPO	hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes
HDACs	histone deacetylases
HDL-c	high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
HHEX	hematopoietically expressed homeobox
HOMA-IR	homeostatic assessment model for insulin resistance
IADPSG	International Association of Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group
IDF	International Diabetes Federation
IFGO	International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics
IFN-γ	interferon gama
IGF-1	type 1 insulin-like growth factor
IGF2BP2	insulin-like growth factor 2 MRNA binding protein 2
IKK	IκB kinase complex
IKKα	IKK alpha subunit
IKKβ	IKK beta subunit
IKKγ	IKK gamma subunit
IL-1β	interleukin 1β
IL-6	Interleukin 6
IRS	insulin receptor substrates
IκBs	inhibitory regulators of NF-Kb
JAK	Janus kinase pathway
LBW	low weight at birth
LDL-c	low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
LDLR	low-density lipoprotein receptor
LGA	large for gestational age
LP(a)	lipoprotein a
LPS	lipopolysaccharides
MCP-1	monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
MDA	malondialdehyde
MnSOD	manganese superoxide dismutase
MODY	maturity onset diabetes of the young
mTOR	mammalian target of rapamycin
MUFA	monounsaturated fatty acids
NAD+	nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidized
NADH	nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NADP+	nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidized
NADPH	nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
NB	newborns
NDDG	National Diabetes Data Group
NF-Kb	nuclear factor kappa B
OGTT	Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
p38 MAPK	mitogen-activated protein kinase
PBMC	peripheral blood mononuclear cells
p-eIF2α	phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha
PFOA	perfluorooctanoic acid
PI3K	phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase
p-IRE1α	phosphorylation of inositol-requiring enzyme-1alpha
PKB	protein kinase B
PKC	activation of protein kinase C
POS	polycystic ovary syndrome
PPARs	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors
PPAR-γ	peroxisome proliferator
pPERK	phosphorylation of protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase
PTH	parathormone
PUFAS	polyunsaturated fatty acids
QUICKI	Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index
RAGE	receptor of AGE
RNA	ribonucleic acid
RNS	reactive nitrogen species
RONS	reactive oxygen and nitrogen species
ROS	reactive oxygen species
SCFA	short-chain fatty acids
SCL30A8	solute carrier family 30 member 8 gene
Ser727	Serine 727
SGA	small for gestational age
SOD	superoxide dismutase
SOSC3	suppressor of cytokine signaling 3
STAT	signal transducers and activators of transcription
STAT3	signal transducers and activators of transcription 3
T2DM	type 2 diabetes mellitus
TAC	total antioxidant capacity
TCA	tricarboxylic acid
TCF2	transcription factor 2
TCF7L2	transcription factor 7-like 2
TG	triglyceride
TLR-4	toll-like receptors type 4
TLRs	toll-like receptors
TMAO	trimethylamine N-oxide
TNF-α	tumor necrosis factor α
TNF-β	cytokines of the lymphotoxin family
Tyr705	tyrosine 705
Tyr727	tyrosine 727
VLDL-c	very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
WHO	World Health Organization
ZO-1	zonulin
ω-3	omega-3