Table 1.

Different types of bio-macromolecule delivery vehicles of ascorbic acid.

Carrier	Material	Technology	Protective Effect	Encapsulation Efficiency	Reference
Microcapsules	Sodium alginate/gum Arabic	Spray drying	Thermal stability temperature of ascorbic acid is increased to 188 °C.	>90%	[91]
	Xyloglucan	Spray drying	After 60 days of storage at room temperature, the retention of ascorbic acid is around 90%.	~96%	[92]
	Gum Arabic/rice starch	Spray drying	The retention of ascorbic acid is around 81.3% after 90 days of storage at 21 °C.	~99.7%	[98]
	Gelatin/pectin	Complex coacervation	With low hygroscopicity and high thermal stability.	23.7% to 94.3%	[15]
	Gelatin/acacia	Complex coacervation	The retention of ascorbic acid is around 44% and 80% after 30 days of storage at 37 °C and 20 °C, respectively.	≥97%	[93]
Liposome	Palm fat/chitosan	Microfluidic technique	After 30 days, retained 98.58% and 97.62% of ascorbic acid at 4 °C and 20 °C, respectively.	~ 96.6%	[6]
	Polyglyceryl monostearate	Spray chilling	The system can inhibit the Maillard reaction between milk proteins and ascorbic acid.	~94.2%	[98]
	Milk fat globule membrane-derived phospholipids	Microfluidic technique	After 7 weeks at 4 °C and 25 °C, ascorbic acid in liposomes retained 67% and 30%, respectively.	~26%	[97]
W/O/W emulsions	Gelatin/tetraglycerin monolaurate condensed ricinoleic acid ester/decaglycerol monolaurate	Homogenization	The half-life for W/O/W emulsions containing 30% ascorbic acid at 4 °C was about 24 days.	≥90%	[99]
	Soybean oil/tetraglycerin condensed ricinoleic acid ester/gelatin	Homogenization and microchannel emulsification	The ascorbic acid exhibited 80% retention after 10 days storage at 4 °C.	>85%	[100]