Table 5.

Summary of changes in activity patterns in cows (lying time, number of lying bouts, lying bout duration and activity) caused by calving, observing cows with and without analgesia (analgesia vs. control group). Degree of assistance at calving and moment of analgesia administration are documented. Moment (in days, D; D0 = day of calving) and type of change (↑ increase; ↓ decrease; NS = non-significant; NE = non-evaluated) are given comparing the analgesia group with control group cows. Primiparous cows (PRIM) and multiparous cows (MULT) are mentioned.

Reference	Degree of Assistance at Calving	Moment of Analgesia Administration	Analgesia Group	Control Group	Lying Time (h/d)	No. Lying Bouts (No./d)	Lying Bouts Duration (min/d)	Activity (No. Steps/d)
[157]	Eutocia (cows that calved in ≤70 min) and dystocia (cows that calved in >70 min)	Between 48 h and 6 h before calving	Meloxicam (1 mg/kg, oral)	Placebo (empty gel capsule)	NS	↑ (PRIM, D0)	NS	↓ Jersey (D-1, D+1, D+2) NS Holstein NS (eutocia) ↓ (dystocia)
		Within 12 h after calving	Meloxicam (1mg/kg, oral)	Placebo (empty gel capsule)	NS	NE	NE	↓ Jersey (D+6, D+7) NS Holstein NS (eutocia) ↓ (dystocia)
[146]	Unassisted calving (score 1), assisted by 1 person (score 2), assisted by 2 or more people (score 3) and mechanical assistance (score 4)	Within 12 h after calving	Acetylsalicylic acid (100 mg/kg, oral)	Placebo (gelatin capsules filled with water)	NS	NS	NS	↑ (D+1-D+7)
[135]	Unassisted and easy manual pull	Within 6 h after calving	Meloxicam (0.5 mg/kg, SC)	Placebo (excipient)	NE	NE	NE	↑ PRIM (D+1, D+2) NS MULT
[156]	Easy manual pull (Score 1) and difficult manual pull with more than 1 person and/or mechanical assistance (score 2)	24 h after calving	Meloxicam (0.5 mg/kg, SC)	Placebo (excipient)	NS	NS	NS	NE
[160]	Unassisted and assisted	From 6 h to 10 h after calving	Carprofen (1.4 mg/kg, IV)	Placebo	NE	NS	NE	NE

Significant differences are established at p ≤ 0.05. BW = body weight; IM = intramuscular; IV = intravenous.