Figure 2.

Schematic representation of the inflammatory response of antioxidant pathways in the intestinal environment. In the immune cells, oxidation stress can enhance the dissociation of the NF-κB/IκB complex and the Nrf2/Keap1 complex, which cause the induction of pro-inflammation genes (e.g., cytokines, chemokines) and antioxidant genes (e.g., enzymes). The crosstalk between these two pathways through a complex molecular interaction plays an important role in IBD. NF-κB—nuclear factor-kappaB; Ub—ubiquitination; CBP—CREB-binding protein; Nrf2—NF-E2p45-related factor 2; Keap1—Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1; ARE—antioxidant responsive element. Created by BioRender.com.