Table 1.

Examples of new innovative antioxidant nanotherapeutic approaches against IBD within the last 5 years.

Antioxidants	Type of Compounds	Nanosystem Components	Size and Surface Charge	Colitis Model	References
Protein/peptide
SOD/CAT	Antioxidante enzyme	WCC	~156 nm	DSS-induced mice	[43]
TNF-α antibody/tannic acid/ EGCG	Protein/polyphenol	DSPE-PEG	~100 nm	DSS-induced mice	[44]
Ac2-26	Peptide	PBAP conjugatedβ-CD	202 ± 4 nm, −37.4 ± 0.6 mV	DSS-induced mice	[45]
SEP	Protein	Chitosan/Fucoidan	tunable	LPS-induced macrophage	[46]
Anti-TNF-α antibody	Protein	Galactose/PLGA	~261 nm, ~−6 mV	DSS-induced mice	[22]
KPV	Peptide	PLGA/PVA/HA/chitosan	~270 nm, −5.3 mV	DSS-induced mice	[47]
Nucleic acid
IL-10 mRNA	Modified mRNA	Lipid	63.7 ± 1.59 nm	DSS-induced mice	[48]
Anti-miRNA-31/Curcumin	MiRNA inhibitor/polyphenol	α-lactalbumin/OKGM (nano-in-micro)	~25 μm, ~−7 mV	AOM-DSS-induced	[49]
TNF-α siRNA/Dexamethasone	SiRNA/small molecule	TKPR-PEG-P(TMC-DTC), PEG-P(TMC-DTC)-PEI	~500 nm, ~0.6 mV	DSS-induced mice	[50]
TNF-α siRNA	SiRNA	PEG-b-PLGA	~120 nm, −17 mV~31 mV	DSS-induced mice	[41]
TNF-α siRNA	SiRNA	PVA/PLGA	~300 nm, ~20 mV	DSS-induced mice	[51]
Small molecule
Curcumin/Dex	Polyphenol/ glucocorticoid	PLGA/HPMCAS-HF (nano-in-micro)	~176 nm	HT29-MTX/T84 cell line	[52]
Curcumin	Polyphenol	Chitosan/alginate/cellulose	421 ± 14 nm, −47 ± 3 mV	DSS-induced mice	[53]
Curcumin/tannic acid	Polyphenol	Genipin-crosslinked HBA	~220 nm, −28.8 mV	TNBS-induced mice	[54]
Curcumin	Polyphenol	Silk fibroin/Chondroitin sulfate	~175.4 nm, −35.5 mV	DSS-induced mice	[55]
Curcumin	Polyphenol	Eudragit® S100		DSS-induced mice	[56]
Resveratrol	Polyphenol	β-Lactoglobulin	165 ± 2 nm, −34 ± 0.6 mV	Winnie mice	[57]
Resveratrol	Polyphenol	PLGA/chitosan/alginate	255.9 ± 12.0 nm, 13.5 ± 3.9 mV	DSS-induced mice	[58]
Resveratrol	Polyphenol	Chitosan/pHEMA/in pDMAEMA (nano-in-gel)	121 ± 1 nm, −170 ± 90 mV	DSS-induced mice	[59]
Rosmarinic acid	Polyphenol	Chitosan/nutriose	63.5 ± 4.0 nm, −33.70 mV	DSS-induced mice	[60]
Rosmarinic acid	Polyphenol	PEG	141.2 ± 12.3 nm, −25.30 ± 2.7 mV	DSS-induced mice	[10]
Oleuropein	Polyphenol	Lipid	~ 150 nm, −25 mV	DSS-induced mice	[61]
EGCG	Polyphenol	Amyloid	-	DSS-induced mice	[62]
Tannicacid/EGCG/catechin	Polyphenol/glucocorticoid	Block PEG	~130 nm, −27 mV	DSS-induced mice	[63]
Quercetin	Flavonoids	Silk fibroin	175.8 ± 0.9 nm, −24.5 ± 4.1 mV	DSS-induced mice	[64]
Genistein/Tempol/VE	Flavonoids/	β-CD/HMPBA/TPGS	636 ± 94 nm/304 ± 60 nm	DSS-induced mice	[65]
Silymarin	Synthetic antioxidant compound	Silica-derived	−21.08 ± 1.51/6.63 ± 1.91 mV	DSS-induced mice	[66]
Ginsenoside	Flavonoids	Glycogen-derived	~110 nm	DSS-induced mice	[67]
Grape seed extract/	Steroid glycosides	Grape seed extract/	128.9 ± 0.3 nm, 1.3 ± 0.08 mV	DSS-induced mice	[68]
Horseradish peroxidase	Plant extract/antioxidant enzyme	Horseradish peroxidase
Lycium barbarum	Plant extract	Lipid	~189.2 nm, ~−34.9 mV	DSS-induced mice	[69]
Green tea extract	Plant extract	PLA-PEG	~163.1 nm, ~−7.92 mV	TNBS-induced rat	[70]
Bilirubin	Small molecule	HA	86 ± 5 nm to 416 ± 9 nm	DSS-induced mice	[71]
			−35.6 ± 1.6 mV to −46.2 ± 5.2 mV
Nanozyme
CeO2	Nanozyme	Red blood vesicle/exosome	~3 nm	DSS-induced mice	[11]
CeO2	Nanozyme	MMT/CeO2	1.6 ± 0.2 nm, −30.3 ± 0.3 mV	DSS-induced mice	[19]
Prussian blue/Mn	Nanozyme	PVP	60 nm~120 nm, −27.0 mV	DSS-induced mice	[18]
Prussian blue	Nanozyme	PVP	~60 nm	DSS-induced mice	[20]
Se	Nonozyme	Lactobacillus casei produced	50~80 nm	NCM460 cells	[72]
Se	Nanozyme	Enterobacter cloacae Z0206 produced	139.43 ± 7.44 nm	DSS-induced mice	[73]
Se	Nanozyme	Ulva lactuca polysaccharide	30 to 150 nm	DSS-induced mice	[74]
Gold	Nanozyme	PVP/Citrate	~5 nm	DSS-induced mice	[75]
ZnO	Nanozyme	ZnO	29.7 ± 4.0 nm, −59.4 ± 3.8 mV	DSS-induced mice	[76]