ALS	amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
ANLS	astrocyte–neuron lactate shuttle
ATP	adenosine triphosphate
ARE	antioxidant response element
D2R	dopamine D2 receptor
DAMPs	damage-associated molecular patterns
DAT	dopamine transporter
G6PH	glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase
GSH	reduced form of glutathione
GSSG	oxidized form of glutathione
HCAR1	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1
HO-1	heme oxygenase 1
iPSC	induced pluripotent stem cell
Keap1	Kelch-like enoyl-CoA hydratase-associated protein 1
l-DOPA	l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine
LPS	lipopolysaccharide
MAPK	mitogen-activated protein kinase
MCT	monocarboxylate transporter
NET	norepinephrine transporter
NADPH	nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
NMDA	N-methyl-D-aspartate
NF-κB	nuclear factor-κB
NO	nitric oxide
NOS	nitric oxide synthase
NRF-1 and NRF-2	nuclear respiration factors 1 and 2
Nrf2	nuclear factor erythroid 2 p45 subunit-related factor 2
GSSG	oxidized form of glutathione
PGC-1α	peroxisome-proliferator-activated γ co-activator-1α
PPAR-γ	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ
PPP	pentose–phosphate pathway
PSD-95	postsynaptic density protein 95
ROS	reactive oxygen species
SERT	serotonin transporter
SIRT-1	sirtuin 1
TCA	tricarboxylic acid
TFAM	mitochondrial transcription factor A
TLR4	Toll-like receptor 4
VTA	ventral tegmental area
xCT	cystine/glutamate antiporter