Figure 11.

Schematic illustration of the molecular mechanisms of cell death triggered by YRL1091, leading to paraptotic cytotoxicity in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The black arrows indicate pathways examined in this study, while the black broken arrow shows a pathway not examined yet. ROS, reactive oxygen species; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; BiP, binding immunoglobulin protein; ATF4, activating transcription factor-4; CHOP, CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein; LC3B, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3B; Alix, multifunctional adapter protein; ERK1/2, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase.