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. 2021 Dec 31;10(1):91. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines10010091

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Circulating endogenous GABA levels in healthy controls and patients with type 1 diabetes. (A) The systemic endogenous levels of GABA were detected using mass spectrometry in healthy controls (HC, n = 45), patients with long-standing type 1 diabetes (T1D, n = 60), and in patients with new-onset T1D (New T1D, n = 13). No difference in circulating GABA levels was observed in T1D patients when compared to healthy controls. Values are presented as mean ± SEM. (B) Among the patients with T1D, n = 45 were positive for GAD-autoantibodies and among these patients, a negative correlation with GABA levels was observed (r = −0.3, p = 0.03). Note that the upper limit for the clinically used GAD autoantibody assay is 2000 IU/mL. (C–F) Correlations with the circulating endogenous GABA levels and circulating cytokines were computed in T1D patients (n = 56) and were found to be negatively correlated with circulating levels of IL-1 beta (C), IL-12 (D) and IL-15 (E), whereas the GABA levels were positively correlated with IL-36 beta (F) and IL-37 (G).