Table 1.
Descriptive data of healthy controls and patients with type 1 diabetes.
| Parameter | HC (n = 45) | T1D (n = 60) | New-Onset T1D (n = 13) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Female (n, (%)) | 24 (53%) | 28 (47%) | 6 (46%) |
| Age (years) | 29.8 ± 1.6 | 28.4 ± 0.8 | 24.2 ± 0.7 |
| Disease duration (years) | n/a | 16.3 ± 0.8 | 0.17 ± 0.03 |
| Age at onset (years) | n/a | 12.1 ± 0.9 | 24.2 ± 0.7 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.1 ± 0.4 | 24.7 ± 0.5 * | 22 ± 0.6 |
| fP-Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.3 ± 0.07 | 11.6 ± 0.6 *** | 8.1 ± 1.0 * |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 31.2 ± 0.4 | 61.9 ± 1.7 *** | 69.2 ± 7.4 *** |
| Detectable C-peptide (n, %) | 43 (100%) | 13 (22%) | 13 (100%) |
| C-peptide (nmol/L) | 0.61 ± 0.03 | 0.08 ± 0.03 *** | 0.3 ± 0.03 *** |
| GABA (ng/mL) | 14.1 ± 0.6 | 15.6 ± 0.5 | 13.3 ± 0.7 |
| GAD positive (n, %) | 0 (0%) | 34 (57%) | 10 (77%) |
| IA-2 positive (n, %) | 0 (0%) | 31 (52%) | 10 (77%) |
Descriptive clinical data for healthy controls (HC) and individuals with long-standing type 1 diabetes (T1D). Plasma C-peptide was analyzed according to clinical routine and was detectable if above 0.01 nmol/L. C-peptide concentrations were missing for n = 2 HC and are only reported for long-standing T1D patients with detectable levels (n = 13). Patients were considered positive for autoantibodies if anti-GAD was >5 IU/mL and anti-IA2 > 7 kU/L (according to clinical routine). Statistical comparisons based on one-way ANOVA using Dunnet’s test based on comparisons with HC. * denotes p < 0.05 and *** p < 0.001. All values are given as mean ± SEM. Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; fP, fasting plasma; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; GAD, glutamic acid decarboxylase; IA2, tyrosine phosphatase-like protein islet antigen-2.