Table 2.

Different biological activity through in vitro studies.

Sr. No.	Activity	Model/Method	Dose/Duration	Component Used	Result	Reference
1	Antioxidant/anti-aging	DPPH antioxidant assay	6.25–200 (µg/mL)	P. erosus peel ethanolic extract	IC50 = 84.09 ± 4.87 (µg/mL)	[7]
		DPPH antioxidant assay	6.25–200 (µm/mL)	P. erosus tuber ethanolic extract	IC50 = 98.30 ± 1.30 (µm/mL)	[7]
		Tyrosinase activity inhibition	3.13–100 (µg/mL)	P. erosus peel ethonolic extract	IC50 = 194.51 ± 7.63 (µm/mL)	[7]
		Tyrosinase activity inhibition	3.13–100 (µg/mL)	P. erosus tuber ethonolic extract	IC50 = 97.05 ± 0.86 (gm/mL)	[7]
		Scavenging activity on ABTS radical (IC50)	100 µL at different concentrations	P. erosus water extract	IC50 = 1825.16 ± 22.87 (µg/mL)	[5]
		Scavenging activity on ABTS radical (IC50)	100 µL at different concentrations	P. erosus (70%) ethanol extract	IC50 = 1711.71 ± 58.09 (µg/mL)	[5]
		DPPH antioxidant assay	100 µL at different concentrations	P. erosus water extract	IC50 = 1215.65 ± 65.99 (µgm/mL)	[5]
		DPPH antioxidant assay	100 µL at different concentrations	P. erosus (70%) ethanol extract	IC50 = 998.10 ± 117.71(µg/mL)	[5]
2	Anti-diabetes	α-glucosidase inhibitory assay	0.05–0.25 (µg/mL)	P. erosus tuber extract	IC50 = 0.083 ± 0.004 (mg/mL)	[60]
		α-amylase inhibitory activity	0.05–0.25 (µg/mL)	P. erosus tuber extract	IC50 = 0.091 ± 0.017 (mg/mL)	[60]
3	Immune modulation	ELISA is used to measure antibodies on HB4C5 cells and splenocytes	Sample conc. 0.1–100 (mg/mL)	P. erosus tuber fiber extract	The production levels of immunoglobulin, i.e., IgM, IgG, and IgA, as well as cytokines, were significantly enhanced	[86]
		Phagocytosis activity J774.1 cell/P-Mac cells	1.69, 6.75, and 27 mg/mL	P. erosus tuber fiber extract	An increase in phagocytosis activity and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines was observed	[84]
4	Antiviral	Plaque reduction assay was performed for HSV-1 (KOS) or HSV-2	100 µL at different concentrations	Compounds isolated from seeds	12a-hydroxydolineone and 12a-hydroxypachyrrhizone found to have activity against both HSV-1 and -2	[9]
5	Antifungal	Growth inhibitory effects on fungi	0.5, 2.0, 5.0, and 10 mg/mL	P. erosus seed powder	−2 to −15% (inhibition)	[13]
		Growth inhibitory effects on fungi	2.0, 5.0 and 10 mg/mL	P. erosus seed extract with hexane, dicloromethane, and acetone	5.4 to −64.9% (inhibition)	[13]
		Growth inhibitory effects on fungi	250 µg/mL	Compounds isolated from seeds	2.81–56.2% (inhibition)	[13]
		Inhibitory activities on the growth of different fungi were determined by microspectrophotometry	15 μg/ml	SPE10 (a dimeric plant defensin protein) from the seeds of P. erosus	IC50 of 15 μg/mL (most effective against Bipolaris maydis)	[95]
		Inhibitory activities on the growth of fungi (Trichoderma viride and Chrysosporium luteum)	6.2–12.5 μg	PaAFP (the protein isolated and purified from the P. erosus seeds	Trichoderma viride and Chrysosporium luteum at 6.2 μg and 12.5 μg per disc, respectively, inhibited growth	[94]
6	Anticancer	Human hepatoma cell line HuH-7	0.06 mL/well	Pachyerosin protein isolated from seeds of P. erosus	IC50 of 0.050 ± 0.004 nM for pachyerosin(immunotoxin) and IC50 of 117.92 ± 10.21 nM for pachyerosin	[11]
		The viability of K562 cells determined by the MTT assay	0.06 mL/well	P. erosus seed extract (acetone) and compound rotenone from seed extract	The P. erosus extract and rotenone displayed IC50 40.5 mg/mL and 13.05 mM, respectively	[38]