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. 2022 Jan 17;11(1):149. doi: 10.3390/biology11010149

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Temporal evolution of worldwide genetic diversity. PCoA calculated with 8741 haplotypes (A) on 4403 accessions, (B) on 139 Southeast Asia and Indian Peninsula landraces, (C) on 632 landraces, (D) on 947 traditional cultivars, and (E) on 2210 modern varieties. The different colors correspond to the 11 groups defined with a phylogenetic analysis [16]. Group I: modern lines, Southeast Europe; Group II: Northwest Europe, North America; Group III: North America, Southeast Europe; Group IV: Northwest Mediterranean; Group V: modern lines, China, Italy; Group VI: modern lines, CIMMYT, Northwest China; Group VII: modern lines, Canada, China, USA; Group VIII: Southeast Asia, India, Pakistan; Group IX: China, Japan; Group X: modern lines, France, UK; Group XI: France, Germany. (F) Geographical projection of the first axis of the PCoA for 2210 modern varieties.