Table 2.

Traits that can be estimated from high-throughput systems developed within BREEDWHEAT and Phenome-Emphasis projects that can be applied to wheat crops. DL: deep learning, RTM: radiative transfer model, SVM: support vector machine, VI: vegetation index. Colored cell indicate that the corresponding sensor or vector was used to estimate the trait.

Level	Trait	Method	Sensor			Configuration		Vector		Reference
			RGB	Multispectral	LiDAR	View Direction	Ground Sampling Distance (cm)	UAV	Phenomobile
Canopy	Vegetation Index (VI)	Band combination				0°	20			[96]
	Plant height	Structure from motion				0°	1			[97]
		Distribution of height				±35°	0.5			[97]
	Vegetation Fraction (VF)	DL segmentation				0°	0.05			Madec et al. (pers.com)
		Height threshold				±35°	0.5			Lopez-Lozano et al. (pers.com)
	Green Fraction (GF)	SVM/random forest				0°-45°	0.05			Serouart et al. (pers.com)
		DL segmentation				0°–45°	0.05			Madec et al. (pers.com)
		1D RTM inversion				0°	20			[98]
	Green Area Index (GAI)	Green fraction turbid				0°–45°	0.05			[99]
		1D RTM inversion				0°–45°	20			[100]
		3D RTM inversion				±35°	0.05–0.5			[101]
	Plant Area Index (PAI)	1D turbid				±35°	0.5			Lopez-Lozano et al. (pers.com)
	Fraction of Intercepted Radiation (FIPAR)	1D RTM inversion				0°	20			[102]
		Green Fraction turbid				0°–45°	0.05			[103]
		1D turbid				±35°	0.5			Lopez-Lozano et al. (pers.com)
	Average Inclination Angle (AIA)	1D RTM inversion				0°	20			[102]
		1D turbid				0°–45°	0.05			Liu et al. (pers.com)
		1D turbid				±35°	0.5			Lopez-Lozano et al. (pers.com)
		3D inversion				±35°	0.05–0.5			[103]
	Canopy Chlorophyll Content (CCC)	1D RTM inversion				0°–45°	20			[104]
		VI empirical				0°	20			[105]
		VI empirical				0°	0.05			[106]
	3D Distribution of Area	1D turbid				±35°	0.5			Lopez-Lozano et al. (pers.com)
Organ	Plant density	DL at emergence				45°	0.05			[107]
	Stem density	DL at harvest				0°	0.02			[108]
	Stem diameter	DL at harvest				0°	0.02			[108]
	Ear density	DL at reproductive stage				0°	0.05			[109]
	Leaf Chlorophyll Content	1D RTM inversion				0°	20			[105]
		VI empirical				0°	0.05			Jay et al. (pers.com)
		VI empirical				0°	0.05			Jay et al. (pers.com)