Table 3.
EVs as target (pharmacological modulation of plasma EVs).
| Extracellular Vesicles as a Therapeutic Target (Therapeutical Approach) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Drugs | Species | EVs Levels (Plasma) ↑: Increase ↓: Decrease |
Diseases | Beneficial Effect | References |
| Antioxidants | Human | ↓ | Inflammatory pathologies: atherosclerosis, CKD, CVD, CVD associated-CKD Hemostasia disorders Aging |
Improved endothelial function ↓ evolution of chronic disease (CVD associated-CKD) |
[158,185,195] |
| Antioxidants | Human | ↓ | Atherosclerosis Diabetic patients Dyslipidaemic patients |
↓ endothelial injury ↓ platelet activation |
[187] |
| Erythropoietin therapy | Human | ↓ (endothelial EVs) |
CKD in the end-stage | ↓ shear stress | [201] |
| Anti-atherosclerotic drugs (angiotensin-II receptor antagonists or blockers) |
Human | ↓ | Hypertension patients | ↓ endothelial injury ↓ coagulation ↓ inflammation |
[196,202] |
| Statins | Human | ↓ | CVD (the process of atherogenesis) |
↓ cholesterol ↓ vascular inflammation ↓ platelet aggregation |
[187,203] |
| Simvastatin + Losartan | Human | ↓ (monocyte-, endothelial- and platelet-EVs) |
Patients with hypertension Patients with type 2 diabetes |
↓ cholesterol ↓ endothelial injury ↓ coagulation ↓ inflammation |
[187] |
| Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) activators | Human | ↓ (platelet-derived EVs) |
DyslipidaemiaType 2 diabetes | Anti-inflammatory properties | [187] |
| Antiplatelet drugs (Aspirin, Clopidogrel) | Human | ↓ (platelet- and endothelial-derived EVs) |
Coronary disease | ↓ platelet aggregation | [187,202] |
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (Irbesartan) | Human | ↓ | atherosclerosis | ↑ endothelial progenitor cells | [181] |