Table 4.
EVs as treatment (therapeutical tool).
| Extracellular Vesicles as a Therapeutic Tool | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EVs Type | EVs Levels ↑: Increase ↓: Decrease |
Effect | Features | References |
| Platelet | ↑ | ↑ endothelial progenitor cells | Vascular endothelial repair | [98] |
| Endothelial | ↑ | Protein C activation (↓ thrombin and ↓ tissue factor) |
Anticoagulant | [198] |
| Endothelial | ↑ | ↓ cytokine expression (IL-6 and TNF-α) | Anti-inflammatory | [198,204] |
| Extracellular Vesicles from the Stem or Progenitor Cells as a Therapeutic Tool | ||||
| Treatment | Model | Effect/Properties | References | |
| EVs-Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSC) | cardiovascular model in vitro (Inflammatory endothelial damage) | ↓ endothelial injury Anti-inflammatory Pro-angiogenesis ↓ monocytes’ migration Immunosuppressive |
[197,205] | |
| EVs-MSC | Acute kidney injury in mice | Anti-apoptotic feature | [197] | |
| EVs-MSC | Rat model chronic liver fibrosis | Anti-fibrotic Anti-inflammatory |
[197] | |
| EVs from a different stem cell (specially MSC-EVs) | Acute kidney injury (AKI) CKD |
↓ inflammatory response ↓ Fibrosis ↓ oxidative stress ↓ cell death |
[206] | |
| EVs-Adipose derived stroma cell (ADSC) | CRS | ↓ cardiac fibrosis | [207] | |
| EVs from multiple origins | CKD | Antioxidant effect in kidney diseases | [180] | |