Table 2.
Associations between sociodemographic characteristics, pornography use frequency, pornography use motivations, problematic pornography use, masturbation frequency, and covid-19-related stress in baseline (Time 1) and one-year follow-up (Time 2) data collections
| Range | Mean (SD) | Skew. (SE) | Kurt. (SE) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Gender a | 0–1 | 0.48 (0.50) | 0.09 (0.07) | − 2.00 (0.14) | – | |||||||||
| 2. Sexual orientation b | 0–1 | 0.13 (0.34) | 2.16 (0.07) | 2.69 (0.14) | .12** | – | ||||||||
| 3. Family environment c | 0–1 | 0.28 (0.45) | 0.97 (0.07) | − 1.07 (0.14) | .03 | .01 | – | |||||||
| 4. Age at first pornography use T1 | 6–18 | 12.36 (1.81) | − 0.72 (0.09) | 0.77 (0.17) | .28** | .04 | .02 | – | ||||||
| 5. Masturbation frequency T1 d | 1–8 | 4.19 (1.42) | − 0.26 (0.07) | − 1.49 (0.14) | − .48** | − .03 | .04 | − .30** | – | |||||
| 6. Pornography use frequency T1 e | 0–7 | 2.51 (2.29) | 0.19 (0.07) | − 1.51 (0.14) | − .58** | − .04 | .01 | − .38** | .78** | – | ||||
| 7. Sexual pleasure porn. use mot. T1 | 1–7 | 3.64 (2.30) | 0.00 (0.07) | − 1.59 (0.14) | − .50** | − .04 | .05 | − .32** | .73** | .82** | – | |||
| 8. Sexual curiosity porn. use mot. T1 | 1–7 | 2.10 (1.49) | 1.23 (0.07) | 0.58 (0.14) | − .15** | .06 | .07* | − .07* | .36** | .41** | .43** | – | ||
| 9. Fantasy porn. use mot. T1 | 1–7 | 1.98 (1.50) | 1.43 (0.07) | 1.02 (0.14) | − .20** | < .01 | .01 | − .11** | .37** | .41** | .43** | .52** | – | |
| 10. Lack of sexual satisfaction porn. use mot. T1 | 1–7 | 1.95 (1.55) | 1.54 (0.07) | 1.33 (0.14) | − .22** | − .01 | .00 | − .12** | .31** | .39** | .34** | .48** | .49** | – |
| 11. Boredom avoidance porn. use mot. T1 | 1–7 | 1.63 (1.26) | 2.14 (0.07) | 3.89 (0.14) | − .16** | − .01 | − .03 | − .04 | .28** | .34** | .32** | .39** | .46** | .43** |
| 12. Emotional distraction and suppression porn. use mot. T1 | 1–7 | 1.45 (1.09) | 2.81 (0.07) | 7.93 (0.14) | − .15** | .02 | .05 | − .05 | .23** | .30** | .26** | .41** | .44** | .56** |
| 13. Stress reduction porn. use mot. T1 | 1–7 | 1.63 (1.31) | 2.17 (0.07) | 3.95 (0.14) | − .21** | − .06* | .03 | − .12** | .31** | .39** | .35** | .46** | .47** | .53** |
| 14. Self-exploration porn. use mot. T1 | 1–7 | 3.04 (2.06) | 0.39 (0.07) | − 1.29 (0.14) | − .33** | .04 | .03 | − .22** | .58** | .69** | .72** | .52** | .49** | .44** |
| 15. Problematic porn. use T1 | 1–7 | 1.51 (0.80) | 2.28 (0.07) | 6.80 (0.14) | − .35** | − .05 | .00 | − .26** | .45** | .59** | .53** | .50** | .49** | .54** |
| 16. Pornography use frequency T2 e | 0–7 | 2.58 (2.31) | 0.15 (0.08) | − 1.49 (0.16) | − .56** | − .05 | .01 | − .28** | .64** | .74** | .66** | .31** | .32** | .29** |
| 17. Sexual pleasure porn. use mot. T2 | 1–7 | 3.70 (2.27) | − 0.03 (0.08) | − 1.55 (0.16) | − .47** | − .02 | .02 | − .24** | .62** | .66** | .68** | .29** | .32** | .22** |
| 18. Sexual curiosity porn. use mot. T2 | 1–7 | 2.23 (1.51) | 1.05 (0.08) | 0.19 (0.16) | − .12** | .04 | .06 | .04 | .29** | .28** | .30** | .44** | .22** | .25** |
| 19. Fantasy porn. use mot. T2 | 1–7 | 2.06 (1.53) | 1.35 (0.08) | 0.84 (0.16) | − .24** | .02 | .03 | − .09* | .36** | .40** | .38** | .28** | .39** | .23** |
| 20. Lack of sexual satisfaction porn. use mot. T2 | 1–7 | 1.93 (1.49) | 1.53 (0.08) | 1.36 (0.16) | − .21** | .03 | − .02 | − .12** | .25** | .32** | .27** | .26** | .24** | .47** |
| 21. Boredom avoidance porn. use mot. T2 | 1–7 | 1.72 (1.36) | 1.95 (0.08) | 3.00 (0.16) | − .15** | .05 | − .03 | − .07 | .24** | .28** | .25** | .26** | .26** | .28** |
| 22. Emotional distraction and suppression porn. use mot. T2 | 1–7 | 1.46 (1.15) | 2.82 (0.08) | 7.88 (0.16) | − .17** | .02 | .00 | − .11** | .24** | .28** | .21** | .21** | .25** | .34** |
| 23. Stress reduction porn. use mot. T2 | 1–7 | 1.66 (1.32) | 2.14 (0.08) | 3.96 (0.16) | − .24** | − .03 | − .01 | − .12** | .27** | .35** | .28** | .31** | .29** | .30** |
| 24. Self-exploration porn. use mot. T2 | 1–7 | 3.03 (2.02) | 0.38 (0.08) | − 1.28 (0.16) | − .29** | .03 | .04 | − .12** | .46** | .50** | .49** | .34** | .34** | .25** |
| 25. Problematic porn. use T2 | 1–7 | 1.50 (0.79) | 2.41 (0.08) | 7.83 (0.16) | − .31** | − .04 | − .03 | − .19** | .38** | .47** | .40** | .28** | .30** | .32** |
| 26. COVID-19-related stress T2 | 1–6 | 2.49 (1.35) | 0.60 (0.08) | − 0.53 (0.16) | .35** | .10** | .03 | .06 | − .18** | − .25** | − .24** | − .03 | − .06 | − .11** |
| 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 12. Emotional distraction and suppression porn. use mot. T1 | .51** | – | |||||||||||||
| 13. Stress reduction porn. use mot. T1 | .40** | .61** | – | ||||||||||||
| 14. Self-exploration porn. use mot. T1 | .41** | .35** | .44** | – | |||||||||||
| 15. Problematic porn. use T1 | .44** | .54** | .63** | .58** | – | ||||||||||
| 16. Pornography use frequency T2 e | .24** | .21** | .29** | .54** | .46** | – | |||||||||
| 17. Sexual pleasure porn. use mot. T2 | .21** | .18** | .24** | .55** | .39** | .82** | – | ||||||||
| 18. Sexual curiosity porn. use mot. T2 | .21** | .21** | .25** | .35** | .25** | .38** | .39** | – | |||||||
| 19. Fantasy porn. use mot. T2 | .25** | .24** | .24** | .36** | .31** | .49** | .48** | .45** | – | ||||||
| 20. Lack of sexual satisfaction porn. use mot. T2 | .21** | .27** | .31** | .30** | .34** | .44** | .35** | .41** | .41** | – | |||||
| 21. Boredom avoidance porn. use mot. T2 | .37** | .24** | .23** | .29** | .31** | .39** | .34** | .38** | .49** | .46** | – | ||||
| 22. Emotional distraction and suppression porn. use mot. T2 | .27** | .36** | .29** | .26** | .35** | .35** | .25** | .29** | .42** | .52** | .55** | – | |||
| 23. Stress reduction porn. use mot. T2 | .18** | .30** | .37** | .35** | .43** | .42** | .34** | .38** | .43** | .57** | .48** | .67** | – | ||
| 24. Self-exploration porn. use mot. T2 | .22** | .19** | .26** | .53** | .36** | .64** | .69** | .47** | .52** | .42** | .41** | .33** | .41** | – | |
| 25. Problematic porn. use T2 | .26** | .33** | .34** | .41** | .54** | .59** | .48** | .38** | .50** | .52** | .50** | .65** | .67** | .52** | – |
| 26. COVID-19-related stress T2 | − .05 | − .03 | − .04 | − .15** | − .11** | − .23** | − .18** | < .01 | − .05 | − .02 | < .01 | − .01 | − .01 | − .13** | − .09** |
SD = standard deviation; Skew. = Skewness, Kurt. = Kurtosis, SE = standard error
a 0 = boy, 1 = girl; b 0 = heterosexual, 1 = sexually diverse; c 0 = living with both parents, 1 = other living situation; d 1 = not once in the past three months; 2 = less than once a month; 3 = once a month; 4 = two to three times a month; 5 = once a week; 6 = several times a week; 7 = once a day; 8 = more than once a day; e 0 = never, 1 = less than 1 time per month, 2 = 1 time per month, 3 = 2–3 times per month, 4 = 1 time per week, 5 = many times per week, 6 = 1 time per day, 7 = many times per day
* p < .05; ** p < .01