Table 2.
Summary of the noncoding RNAs in NAFLD.
| Noncoding RNAs | Target Molecules | Expression | Role in NAFLD | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MicroRNAs | ||||
| miR-122 | SREBF1, DGAT2, FASN, P4HA1 | High | Steatosis, liver fibrosis | [127] |
| miR-138, -143 | BCL2, TGFB | High | Liver fibrosis | [128] |
| miR-181b | PTEN | High | Liver fibrosis | [129] |
| miR-192 | ALCAM, EREG, MSN, Zeb2 | Low | Liver fibrosis | [130,131] |
| miR-21 | Foxa2, Foxo1, Hnf4a, Stat3, Ppara | High | Steatosis | [132,133,134,135] |
| miR-221 | COL1A1 | High | Liver fibrosis | [136] |
| miR-29a | TGFB, NFKB | Low | Liver fibrosis | [137] |
| miR-33a,b | SREBF1, SREBF2 | High | Steatosis | [138] |
| miR-34a-5p | Ppara, Sirt1 | High | Steatosis | [139,140] |
| miR-99a | TNF, mTOR/SREBF1 | Low | Steatosis | [141,142] |
| LncRNAs | ||||
| APTR | PRC2 | High | Liver fibrosis | [143] |
| FLRL2 | ARNTL | Low | Inflammation, steatosis | [144] |
| GAS5 | miR-222 | High | Liver fibrosis | [145] |
| H19 | Ptbp1l, Srebf1 | High | Steatosis | [146] |
| HIF1A-AS1 | TET3 | Low | Liver Fibrosis | [147] |
| HOTAIR | miR-29b, DNMT1, PRC2 | High | Liver fibrosis | [148,149] |
| HOTTIP | miR-148a | High | Cirrhosis | [150] |
| HULC | MAPK | High | Liver fibrosis | [151] |
| LFAR1 | Smad2/3, Tgfbr1 | High | Liver fibrosis | [152] |
| LncRNA-ATB | miR-200a, CTNNB1 | High | Liver fibrosis | [153] |
| LncRNA-P21 | miR-181b, miR-17-5p | High | Liver fibrosis | [129,154] |
| LncSHGL | Hnrnpa1 | Low | Steatosis | [155] |
| MALAT1 | Srebf1 | High | Inflammation, liver fibrosis | [156] |
| MEG3 | TP53, miR-21 | High | Liver fibrosis | [157,158] |
| SRA | Foxo1, Pparg | High | Steatosis | [159] |
| SCARNA10 | PRC2 | High | Liver fibrosis | [160] |
| TUG1 | miR-29b | High | Cirrhosis | [161] |
| CircRNAs | ||||
| cMTO1 | miR-17-5p/SMAD7, miR-181b-5p/PTEN | Low | Liver fibrosis | [162,163] |
| circFBXW4 | miR-181b-5p, SREBF1 | Low | Liver fibrosis | [164,165] |
| circPSD3 | miR-92b-3p, SMAD7 | Low | Liver fibrosis | [166] |
| circPWWP2A | miR-203, FSTL1 | High | Liver fibrosis | [167] |
| circRNA_002581 | miR-122, Slc1a5, Plp2, Cpeb1 | High | NASH | [168] |
| circRNA_0046366 | miR-34a, PPARA | Low | Steatosis | [169] |
| circRNA_0046367 | miR-34a, PPARA | Low | Steatosis | [170] |
| circRNA_0067835 | miR-155, FOXO3A | High | Liver fibrosis | [171] |
| circRNA_0074410 | miR-9-5p | Low | Liver fibrosis | [172] |
| circRNA_021412 | miR-1972, LPIN1 | Low | Steatosis | [173] |
| circRSF1 | miR-146a-5p, RAC1 | High | Liver fibrosis | [174] |
| circTUBD1 | miR-146a-5p, TLR4 | High | Liver fibrosis | [175] |
| circUBE2K | miR-149-5p, TGFB2 | High | Liver fibrosis | [176] |
Abbreviation: ALCAM: activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule; APTR: Alu-mediated p21 transcriptional regulator; ARNTL: aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like protein 1; BCL2: B-cell lymphoma 2; CircRNA: circular RNA; COL1A1: alpha-1 type I collagen; CPEB1: cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein 1; CTNNB1: beta catenin; DGAT2: diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase; DNMT1: DNAmethyl transferase 1; EREG: epiregulin; FASN: fatty acid synthase; FLRL2: fatty liver-related lncRNA 2; FOXA2: forkhead box transcription factor A2; FOXO1: forkhead box transcription factor O1; FSTL1: Follistatin-like 1; GAS5: growth arrest-specific 5; H19: H19 imprinted maternally expressed transcript; HIF1A-AS1: HIF1A antisense RNA 1; HNF4A: hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha; HOTAIR: HOX transcript antisense RNA; HOTTIP: HOXA transcript at the distal tip; HULC: highly upregulated in liver cancer; LFAR1: liver fibrosis-associated lncRNA 1; LncRNA: long noncoding RNA; LncRNA-ATB: long noncoding RNA activated by TGFB; LPIN1: Lipin 1; MALAT1: metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MEG3: maternally expressed 3; MIRT2: myocardial infarction-associated transcript 2; MSN: moesin; mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin; NFKB: nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; P4HA1: prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha 1; PLP2: proteolipid protein 2; PPARA: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha; PPARG: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; PRC2: polycomb repressive complex 2; PTBP1L: Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1; PTEN: phosphatase and tensin homolog; RAC1: Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1; SCARNA10: small cajal body-specific RNA 10; SIRT1: sirtuin 1; SMAD: SMAD family members; SLC1A5: solute carrier family 1 member 5; SRA: steroid receptor RNA activator; SREBF1: sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1; STAT3: signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; TET3: ten-eleven-translocation 3; TGFB: transforming growth factor beta; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; TGFBR1: TGFB receptor; TLR4: toll-like receptor 4; TP53: tumor suppressor p53; TUG1: taurine up-regulated 1; UBE2K: ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 K; ZEB2: zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 2.